Everglades Flooding (753 words) Essay Example For Students

Everglades Flooding (753 words) Essay Everglades FloodingPerhaps we take it for granted that our beautiful homeland will be foreverchanged because of the effects of modern civilizations. The environment, localanimals, plants, and neighboring niches are all being affected by a few factors. The insensitivity of humans towards our fellow living creatures has caused theEverglades to shrink dramatically in the last one hundred years. The health ofthe everglades has been compromised because we as humans need more space to liveon, bigger roads, and adventures on which we embark. In the followingparagraphs, I will explain one of the most threatening factors to FloridasEverglades, habitat loss. Originally, the Everglades consisted of nearly 8,100square miles, now, it has been reduced to about 2,300 square miles of whichabout three-fifths is in set-designated water conservation areas. Two-thirds ofthe original everglades is the water that falls on one-thirds of the originalwatershed. In simpler terms, the water in the Everglades is being washed intothe ocean at a faster rate than the animal and plant life can adapt to. If thisproblem continues on the same route it is on, the death toll of animals andplants will reach catastrophic proportions. Many years ago, the Everglades wasm uch deeper than it is now and the wet season lasted many months. Now, hugeamounts of water come in short intervals and are dried up more quickly than itcan be replaced due to drainage. Grasses who survive in deep water are beingkilled rapidly. Due to the death of these grasses, several species of fish havedecreased dramatically in number. The loss of these grasses allows the melaluecato dominate these areas as the supreme species of plants. Fourteen animalspecies in the everglades are endangered and many more are threatened. The lossof habitat and overcrowding of certain species are disturbing animal population. Since the 1900s, ninety percent of the bird population has died. In 1988 aserious drought left many animal species homeless and many dead. Food loss dueto lack of water killed many plant species. By 1989, only 5,000 bird nests and15 colonies were present in the watershed of the everglades. In only one year,that number dropped to 1,000 nests. As we all know and love, the food webexplains how countless animal and plants are co-dependents of each other and howthe domino effect can change each and every one of those species. Manyconservation efforts have been done to save the everglades, yet they have allfailed miserably in a feeble attempt to erase the damage cause by the mostabundant predator to any species world wide, mankind. The Everglade AgricultureArea has been set up to enrich the soil in the Everglades, hopefully restoringthe animal and plant life to the original numbers that they used to be. When thewater levels plummet and new nutrients are added, the soil is exposed to largea mounts of oxygen. This speeds up the bacterial growth and can further harmplant life. The soil can then turn to fine dust and lower the water levelseveral feet. Another effort to save the everglades it to kill the melaluecatrees, which suck up large quantities of water. Cutting down the trees was firstattempted, but that effort further spread the melalueca seeds. Another methodwas tried, poison. Poisons are being developed to kill small islands ofmelalueca trees with out harming the neighboring plants. Everyone can agree onone thing, the distribution of melalueca trees in the Everglades by humans isone of the worst ideas to plague the Everglades epidemic. Overall, vast amountsof money have been spent to save the Everglades. The Clinton administration hasdonated 1.5 billion dollars on conservation efforts. The 13 billion-dollartourism industry to the Everglades and the Keys has helped with funds for theEverglades Wildlife Fund and other organizations. On average, the amount ofmoney d onated per year to Everglades conservation efforts is about 2 billiondollars. The reason I chose to do this report on the Everglade is because I gotan offhand look at how the Everglades is being destroyed slowly. While going onan airboat tour of the Everglades, I saw an alligator, which got its leg cut offfrom a boat propeller. While this greatly disturbed me, the airboat driverjokingly referred to the alligator as stumpy. I hope that one day, theEverglades wildlife and humans can co-exist. .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42 , .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42 .postImageUrl , .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42 , .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42:hover , .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42:visited , .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42:active { border:0!important; } .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42:active , .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42 .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uee51efb65513cb0b264ffb541518ed42:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Body Shop International Case Study EssayBibliographyMuller, Peter O. (1992) The World Book Encyclopedia: Everglades. Chicago, IL:World Book, Inc. National Geographic Interactive (1998) . Washington, D.C: The Learning Company Everglades Ecosystem (1999). www.nps.gov/ever/eco.. Viewed: September 22, 1999. World Wildlife Federation (1999). www.wwf.org. . Viewed: September 22, 1999

Behavioral Influences / Leadership / Performance Evaluation Essay free essay sample

Introduction Expectancy theory is related to the motivation of the employees which is dependent upon the employees’ behavior and incentives given by the management. If the management is able to motivate its employees they will put in more effort while working, which means efficiency higher returns for the company. The three components of the expectancy theory are expectancy, valence and instrumentality (Vroom, 1964).All of these three variables are required if an employee needs to be motivated positively. The expectancy component is the belief that increase in efforts will accounts for better performance and vice versa. This means that a person is motivated if there is a positive relationship between efforts and performance given that he has proper training, resources and direction to perform the job. Expectancy is also affected by the confidence the employee has about on his capabilities. Valence component in the expectancy theory refers to the value people place on the expected outcome or rewards of their efforts. We will write a custom essay sample on Behavioral Influences / Leadership / Performance Evaluation Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If a person is motivated mainly by money, he might not value free insurance given by the company. Valence is the intensity of the desire of a worker for extrinsic and intrinsic rewards such as promotion, fringe benefits, bonuses, overtime and satisfaction (Droar, 2003).Instrumentality, the third component of expectancy theory is the confidence on the higher authorities that if the performance is well, the desired or promised reward will be received (Vroom, 1964). Instrumentality will be affected by the trust in people who make decisions of the outcomes and degree of business of the process of getting an outcome. Therefore the theory tells us that the relationship between the effort and performance is positive, which means that increase in effort will enhance performance (Vroom, 1964). Body According to the theory the relationship between performance and rewards is also positive, which implies that better performance will result in more rewards.In the given scenario, Supervisor A’s employees are facing difficulty in coping up with the new production process. The main reason for this is that the employees are not being compensated for their work. Those who achieve their goals are not given enough compensation therefore they feel unmotivated. When employees are not motivated, they do not put in enough effort to achieve their goals and hence their performance is not fine. The employees who have mastered the production process are not worried about accomplishing their goals because they know that even with added effort if they attain their goals, the compensation they will get is not worth the effort. Other employees, who have not mastered it, are not putting in enough effort because they think they are not capable of doing so. Therefore there is a dire need for motivation of the employees who are under Supervisor A. The supervisor should find out what resources, training or management of employees is needed to motivate the employees; this is the expectancy component of the expectancy theory. The supervisor should also find out what do the employees value, their bonuses and salaries should be increased according to their performance; this is the valence part of the expectancy theory. Supervisor also has to make sure that the perception of the employees about their supervisor’s promises is correct, they should be compensated as promised; this is the instrumentality component. In the scenario, the employees’ salaries are not being increased as promised by the supervisor; their bonuses after withholding tax are very small. Thus if the supervisor is able to fill the gaps in all of these three components, he will be able to motivate the employees to increase effort and hence performance and the goals will be achieved.The leadership style of Leader B is transactional, Leader C is transformational and Executive has a â€Å"Level 5† leadership style. Transactional leadership focuses on setting specific goals for each team member and encourage them to meet th e agreed upon goals (Bryant, 2003). In the scenario it is given that Leader B establishes clear goals by clarifying role and task requirements and continually guiding subordinates in the direction of these goals, and therefore it is a characteristic of transactional leadership. In transactional leadership, the team members are awarded when they are able to achieve their goals on time and punished when agreed upon goals are not achieved or are not achieved on time (Iain, 2007). In the scenario given, Leader B considers the team member to be personally at fault if the delegated task is not completed and issues punishments for failures. Transactional leadership recognizes accomplishments of individual subordinates and they are rewarded for achieving the objectives agreed upon (Iain, 2007). In the scenario given, Leader B believes in a clear chain of commands and in rewarding good performance and recognizing employee accomplishments. Leader B also rewards subordinates for their successes. Leader B’s transactional leadership style has been justified now by including the examples from the given text.Transformational leadership depends more on personal relationship with subordinates and is supported by trust rather than committing to contracts (Jung Avoli o, 1999). In the scenario it is given that Leader C tried to remember his team members’ birthdays and makes an effort to work with them as their coach instead of their manager. Transformational leadership also tries to satisfy its followers’ self-interest and encourages the followers to replace these interests with the interests of the team. In the scenario, Leader C encourages the group to surpass their own self-interest for the betterment of the organization. This type of leadership also focuses   on organizational change through stress on new values and different vision of the future which transcends the status quo (Gellis, 2001). Leader C in the scenario also believes that the group can have great success when they are passionate and enthusiastic about a vision. Transformational leaders motivate its followers to achieve their goals through nurturing their individual skills and capabilities (Barbuto, 2005). Leader C in the scenario sets high hopes for subordinates, instills individualism of employees for the benefit of organization and takes a rational problem-solving approach. The Level 5 leadership is described as being hesitant and unruly, shy and fearless and modest with a stern commitment to high standards (Jon Jenkins and Gerrit Visser, 2001). This type of leadership takes struggling organizations from being fine to great and produces other fine leaders within the organizations for future.The Level 5 leadership takes responsibility for the failures and accredits other leaders for accomplishments (Jon Jenkins and Gerrit Visser, 2001). This leadership also establishes unique ideas, long-term vision and values for the organization. In the scenario, Executive A is clearly a level 5 leader as he shies away from attention and accredits others for achievements. He accepts responsibility for failures and poor results; and feels delighted to produce strong leadership within the organization. Therefore it is apparent that Executive A is a Level 5 leader as he took the struggling organization into hands and reshaped the stock prices and company profits into eye -catching ones and he also shares his long-term vision, ideas and values with other leaders of the company. When the Executive A retires and if Leader B is appointed as the CEO, then most of the employees in the organization will start working for their own interest as they will be held responsible for their failures and accomplishments and will be compensated accordingly. Supervision of the employees will become an integral part of managers’ routine as they may use   organization’s resources for their personal interests. Transactional leadership is successful in stable organizations because it helps to improve control over employees and reinforces constructive administrative actions through rewards and punishments. Therefore Leader B may find his style appropriate in the organization. Transformational leadership maintains employees’ performance through loyalty to organization, trust in the leader and changes in values and standards of the organization. Leader C has this style of leadership, and if appointed the CEO, the employees will surely have higher motivation a nd self-confidence; they will get chances and supervision to improve their skills and capabilities. Through self-realization of employees and personal relationships with them, Leader C will be able to make them feel an integral part of the organization and increase their performance beyond expectations. Task 3Individuals often take one of the bases of power in an organization in which they are employed. There are five bases of power which act as a source of organization; they will be discussed one by one. The first one is Position in Hierarchy (Woldring, 2001), that is the rank of the individual in an organization. The higher the individual’s place in the organizational rank structure, the greater the power he will have. In the given scenario, Employee 1 is using position in hierarchy as the source of his power. He has worked in the marketing department for 12 years and he frequently comes to the office on weekends or stays late to make sure smooth running of tasks. The second base of power is Referent Power (Woldring, 2001); this is the personal relation of an individual with others who are higher in the organizational hierarchy. It only exists if the individual can actually reference the authenticity of relationship so that it can act as a basis of power. Employee 2 has this power as he negotiated with his manager to work four days a week and is the only person who is allowed to have a shorter work week. Third type of power is Reward Power (Raven, 1959); individuals who have a greater degree of control over resources of organization, have greater power. Individuals even lower in the organizational hierarchy can have greater controller over resources of the organization (Woldring, 2001). This power is based on the ability to give valuable reward to others who perform well (Raven, 1959). In the scenario given, Employee 1 has this power as he is controlling the resources of his department to get the large bonus at the year end, and he will spend this bonus on his vacations. The fourth base of power is Demonstrated Expertise (Woldring, 2001); an individual who has an exceptional capability or special knowledge that no other has in the organization. Only having expertise is not sufficient, others should know about the importance of this person’s expertise and its value. Employee 2 has this power as he is the only company employee who can prepare financial statements. The fifth and final source of power is Personality Power or Coercive Power (Woldring, 2001); the perceived personality of the individual is the power here. If the person has strong interpersonal skills, charming and attractive personality, then he will be able to influence others to conform to his ideas or demands (Raven, 1959). This is the case with Employee 3, who has been in the organization for just a year, but because of his personality power, he was able to change entire department’s beliefs.Relationship between Bases of Power and Dependency:The Bases of Power use the concept of Dependency. An employee can only use its base of power on another employee if the other one is dependent on him. As Emerson (1962, p. 32) argues that â€Å"power resides implicitly in the other‘s dependency† and that â€Å"the power of A over B is equal to, and based upon, the dependence of B upon A†. Therefore if a person B is dependent   of another person A, only then the power of A exists. The level of power of person A depends upon the degree of dependence of person B on person A and the alternatives available to person B. If there is no dependence then power over another person does not exists. The accounting manager in the given scenario is the person who is dependent upon Employee 2 because of the Expertise power of Employee 2. Employee 2 is the only person in the organization who can prepare the financial statements and so the manager is dependent upon him to prepare it. Employee 1 is dependent upon marketing manager for the award he wants, that is why he stays late in the office to make sure of the completion and accuracy of the work and he often come to office on weekends. Employee 3 was selected as the leader of the team working on new project; all others related to the project are dependent upon him because of his Coercive power. Conclusion The first problem with the company’s current evaluation form is that the rating scales in the form mostly focus on relationships with other employees and on the personality; it is more of a personality test rather than performance and skills evaluation. Instead of evaluating the neatness of the workplace, relationships with peers, attitude with others and friendliness, the questions should be more specific to the performance and quality of work. Performance factors such as knowledge, skills, abilities, quality and timeliness of work, efforts of the employee, works habits, supervisory factors, cooperation, adaptability and effectiveness of communication should be evaluated. The second concern in the evaluation form is that the rating scales are not specific and measurable. The scale being used is to rate an attribute is not numeric or scalar, high, low-medium, medium are being used to score against the attribute. A better approach of scoring will be to use a scale with numeric scale, the highest described as â€Å"Superior† and lowest   as â€Å"Unsatisfactory†. Another option of â€Å"Not Applicable† should also be present with all attributes. The use of measurable scale will ease the work for evaluator and he will be able to rate the employee’s attributes more accurately. The third concern in the evaluation form is that the performance factors are not specific. When the manager had to give rating on the engineer’s attitudes, he had to take in to account the engineer’s attitudes towards his job and tasks that he is assigned to do and also his attitudes towards co-workers and manager. The factors should be more specific so that the evaluator can give the ratings to specific attribute and every attribute is taken into account. In the scenario, the manager gave engineer a low rating in the attitude factor although his attitude towards work was very s erious and he completed his tasks in a very well manner. He got a low rating because of his poor attitude towards the peers and manager.The 360-degree approach to employee evaluation involves supervisor, peers, and subordinates into the evaluation of an individual. This approach has its own pros and cons. Many people participate in evaluating a person so it gives complete view of the performance of the person. The performance view is captured from the supervisor, peers and the subordinates, they respond as they see the person’s performance. It reduces the bias of the supervisor or the manager towards an employee. It the supervisor does not likes the attitude of appearance of the employee, and then he might rate the employee with a lower score. If the employee’s attitude with the supervisor is not favorable but the peers and subordinates like the attitude of the employee, then this can be captured in the evaluation process. Many people participate in the evaluation process, so the score becomes more reliable and more accurate. The supervisor may not have a personal relation with the employee and may not know him too well to rate his personality and attitude towards work. It is also possible that the employee have had some kind of incident with the supervisor in the past and since then the attitude towards the employee had   become unfavorable. Then the supervisor would obviously rate him low in the performance factors. Most of the times in an organization, peers and co-workers know the employee better than the supervisor; so when the peers will evaluate the employee, they will be able to give the ratings more accurately and their ratings will be more reliable than any others. The attitude of a person towards his s ub-ordinates is also very important, this attitude can be recorded when subordinates will take part in the evaluation process of the employee. And then after the evaluation, the employee can leverage his strengths according to others’ perception of his performance and personality. So, 360-degree approach to performance evaluation helps in evaluating the employee from many views and in recording reliable and more accurate information then the traditional forms of evaluations and is not only helpful to the management to make important decisions but also is useful to the person being evaluated .There are some disadvantages too of including the supervisor, peers and subordinates in the evaluation process. One of the main disadvantages is that all the peers and subordinates may not like the personality of the employee being evaluated and may rate him very low based on his attitude and personality. The main purpose of evaluating an employee is to evaluate the performance and skills and attitude towards the work and tasks assigned to him. The co-workers and subordinates may have issues with employee being evaluated because of personality clash, and although his work is up to the mark and performance is well, but still the peers, supervisor and subordinates might give him low score on performance. There are a handful of employee performance evaluation methods; three of them are topdown, peer-to-peer and 360-degree. Top-down is the most commonly used in the organizations today. It involves the direct manager of the employee in the evaluation process and is only useful if the manager knows his employee well enough.

Sample College Admission Essay

Sample College Admission EssayEven with the benefits of completing your college application, it is important to research the benefits of applying for and completing samples college admission essays. These samples will show you how to craft an excellent essay, complete with sample sentences that can be applied to your college essay, without the assistance of a writer program.When it comes to filling out a sample college admission essay, the first step is to first brainstorm the idea, in order to determine the problem or dilemma that the college is attempting to solve, and then, research how to answer this problem in a powerful and concise manner. You may consider taking the other person's point of view in order to better articulate your own. Although some admissions officers will require a sample, others will accept one that meets their particular needs.A college admission essay can take up to 20 minutes to complete. In fact, this length may vary according to the style, topic, and pur pose of the writing sample. As with any writing project, samples can take anywhere from one to three weeks to complete. This time frame is within the norm, since most college essays do not exceed one hundred pages.This next step is to research the many types of samples available for use in your college admission essay. Many of these are published online, while some will be from admissions officers who might have other needs.After creating your college admission essay, you should review and practice it on a paper to ensure that you are speaking with clarity and from a position of authority. It is also important to thoroughly check and double-check your writing sample to ensure that you are submitting your college admission essay correctly.By completing a college admissions essay, it will serve to open doors to doors that otherwise may have been closed to you. The writer may become an influential advisor to your future college experience. It is also important to make sure that your co llege essay reflects your strong academic profile, such as AP credits, or a desire to gain access to a better career after graduation.Finally, since college admissions essays can be included in letters of recommendation, they are an excellent tool for both teens and adults. As a teen, when a high school graduate is recommended for a good job, your name is sure to be on the list. As an adult, you will be able to use the services of a writing program to help you tailor your college admission essay to meet college requirements.

Compare and contrast how realism through television influences the audience The WritePass Journal

Compare and contrast how realism through television influences the audience Introduction Compare and contrast how realism through television influences the audience IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction The analysis which will follow will look at the British television drama, in particular looking at the different codes of realism and how it uses different techniques to draw upon this. The comparing and contrasting of how realism through television influences the audience will also be discussed. In addition to this, a brief overview of the analysis will be discussed using the examples; Coronation Street (1960) and Shameless (2004), considering the class and gender issues thoroughly.â€Å"for, in my view, television is from its very nature, more suitable for the dissemination of all kinds of information than for entertainment as such, since it can scarcely be expected to complete successfully with films in that respect. Nevertheless, the lighter forms of entertainment will certainly have their place.†(Gerald Cock, 1936, pg. 7) The view of television that emerges from Cock (1936) shows the assumptions that have been made in the early decades about the function of television. When television is first apparent, what is noticed the most is the assertion of immediacy; being a continuing theory appearing throughout the analysis of television. According to Cock (1936), the effect that this theory has is one of the factors that gives British television drama its iconic form; individualising this genre of television from cinema and the drama programmes that were scheduled in the United States of America. One factor of realism to consider is social realism. This is the struggle of socialism, influenced by the level of social development surrounding the subject in hand. This is in comparison to critical realism. According to Lukcs (1963), social realism differs from critical realism. Socialist society is seen as an independent one, not simply there to be as a support for capitalist society. An example that effectively shows realism through television drama is Shameless (2004). This hybrid television programme has aspects of a soap drama; in the mixture of social realism that is consistently displayed throughout the different storylines. This popular television programme is surrounding family life and the dramas which occur on a day-to-day life, within challenging conditions. The drama is set in the outer suburbs of Manchester on a disadvantaged estate; showing real situations through a fictional narrative, in a comedic way. In terms of the drama, Nelson (2007) suggests that Shameless (2004) resembles a sitcom type television programme to a serial drama. This can be apparent through many continuing narratives throughout the programme. An example of this can be that all of the episodes throughout the series begin in the exact same way by hearing Frank Gallagher’s voice-over that introduces his family and their life on Chatsworth Estate; the sense of a sitcom being that Frank never changes throughout. This factor brings comedy to the television programme as it carries a significant comic irony, as the name of the estate is the same as the stately home of that name. This portrays to the audience that Frank Gallagher is one of the main protagonists in Shameless (2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚   When referring back to realism throughout television, Shameless (2004) has many issues that are addressed through the narrative. One of the ways this television programme is effective in portraying realism is that the writer, Paul Abbott draws upon his own experiences of growing up in a chaotic household; giving the material and narratives written a huge sense of realism. This is also because Abbott writes from an insider on the social experiences, rather than an observer looking on from the outside. â€Å"The deserting parents, the teenage pregnancies, the lack of legitimate income, the criminal sentencesChaos became the norm and our threshold for tolerating up-heaval was tested to the nth degreeBits of that life were unmissable.† (Paul Abbott, channel4.com/programmes/shameless, 2005) A code is a sign or signal which gives a sense of meaning to communication. According to Bernadette Casey (2008), the codes that are made up are used as a set of rules, according to the context and the culture it is within. Examples of codes that everyone can relate to can be simple codes like traffic lights on the roads to more complex codes like different languages from around the world. Within television studies, the term ‘code’ means to seek ‘unexplored audio-visual systems which have the capacity to construct and organise meaning in media texts’ (Casey, 2008, pg. 38). John Fiske (1987) also attempts to discuss media and television codes, beginning to argue that reality is already encoded culturally; therefore aspects like dress and behaviour are influenced by culture. He also states that technical codes influence that camera to manipulate how different characters on camera are represented to the audience. The concept of representation is closely influenced by the aspect of reality when linked to television. Richard Dyer (1985) outlined an approach on representation. When the audience watch a television programme, they become absorbed in the context of the narrative. For example: a character’s role or position on the camera. He also argues that in order for the audience to engage their interest in a particular television programme, then the media representations of that programme must provide some sort of pleasure from it. However, a criticism to this argument is that the assumption is made that the audience watching shares the enjoyment equally, which is not always accurately the case. Many social differences shown on television make certain that each viewer will experience a different level of pleasure. Some of these social differences that influence viewer’s pleasure levels are ethnicity, class, gender, age and sexual orientation. This therefore links onto one social a spect of television that is being discussed, with the support of examples. Class can be understood through television in two ways; first by analysing the history of the concept and the theories that surrounds it and secondly, the way in which the different classes have been represented throughout television. According to Karl Marx (1983), the term ‘class’ has a number of complex meanings; referring first and foremost to economic and social position, and the power and status that is gained as a result from this. He also argued that society is split into two large sections; those who own the means of production (capitalists) and those who work for the production (proletariats). With Marx’s theory in support, the ‘base/superstructure’ model was invented, resting on the ideas that the class structure or economy (the base) determined all other aspects of what we may call culture (the superstructure). Even though Karl Marx’s research was before the time of television, more recent researchers link Marx’s theories to m ore recent television theories relating to class structures. When audiences are offered television, it is linked to supporting capitalism and ruling-class ideology. For example: most news channels on television focus on subjects surrounding international finance, world markets and domestic industrial conflict. This therefore showing a more upper-class agenda. The notion of economic class has been made additional to the ideas surrounding social class; being used as a significant way in enhancing market research tasks for advertising purposes and throughout television industries. This is to determine and profile specific audiences. Social class groups are based on lifestyle choices, spending power and income. In the United States of America, class went through a transition of being unaware for audiences within television. This was partly influenced by the anti-communist fever of the Cold War period. This according to Casey (2008) marginalised class. Wilson (1980) also supported this n otion by stating that the absence of working-class characters on television had received less attention than other issues portrayed on television programmes. Some of these include: gender and race. There is some previous research that supports the class representation throughout television programmes. Butsch (1995) conducted a survey of prime-time television in the United States of America. The findings were that over four decades analysed, there was a consistent under-representation of working-class occupations and an over-representation on more highly professional and managerial occupations. This shows that audiences prefer wealth and glamour, and that lower-class representations have a negative connotation on television programmes. One example that will be used to analyse the way the representation of class is highlighted throughout is the British television drama Shameless (2004). This popular television programme, as explained above is surrounding family life and the dramas which occur on a day-to-day life, within challenging conditions. The drama is set in the outer suburbs of Manchester on a disadvantaged estate; showing real situations through a fictional narrative, in a comedic way. The television drama is seen as somewhat of a tradition, as the writer Paul Abbott aimed to expose the more disadvantaged estates in contemporary Britain; succeeding extremely well, with the audience often laughing rather than being sympathetic or feeling concerned for the different characters within Shameless (2004). However, for some viewers watching the working-class origins, they feel some discomfort as they feel that they are being made to laugh at their own life. This is because they think that there is a increasing leve l of social realism throughout as there is a sense of mockery in the social problems of challenging circumstances in the narrative that are raised. â€Å"traditional social realism takes the colour out of working-class life, Abbott restores it in a new hybrid of stylesquestioning whether the hybridisation and upbeat treatment typical of contemporary television dilutes any potential political impact. Patently, the anarchic comedy of Shameless differs from the ‘serious’ docu-drama treatments of earlier examples of social issues television.† (Nelson, 2007, pg. 50)   Another example that successfully displays the issues of class and social differences is the iconic British soap opera; Coronation Street (1960). With the support of Geraghty (1991), this soap opera concentrates on the workings of this are the accents of the different characters changing and becoming less regional and broader. Another example of the social changes that happen throughout the narrative is when the factory got demolished and replaced with houses to accommodate the changes in the narrative and with that, the new characters that may join the soap and the storylines. Characters such as the iconic and well known Ken Barlow, achieving the middle-class role when he aspired to be a student also shows the shift in the class structure as society moved on throughout the different decades. Another code of representation that is often used through narratives of many television programmes is the ideas surrounding gender. Gender is similar to representation, in that there have been many theories and debates surrounding this subject. The terms ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’ are used on many occasions when referring to cultural and social aspects of gender. This is compared to the terms ‘male’ and ‘female’ being used to describe biological sex. When referring to gender representation within television, scholars state that starting from the 1970’s, gender through television was focused on the representation of femininity. This was through audiences seeing images of female characters or feminine personalities in either fictional programmes or news programmes. However, there are some researchers that argue against the above statement; stating that gender is not defined through characters and television personalities alone. According to Allen and Hill (2004), in order for gender to be analysed successfully throughout television, it needs to be considered through all genres. Some examples that are mentioned are talk shows, melodramas and soap operas. This links onto the example soap opera that is being analysed for using gender issues consistently throughout the narratives; Coronation Street (1960). One of the most famous, yet controversial storylines that was to be shown in this soap during the late 1990’s is the Hayley storyline of being a transsexual; questioning her sexuality and indeed her gender, where the progression in the storyline sees Hayley fulfil her dream at having a sex-change operation and gender readjustment. Granada successfully portrayed this sensitive subject as they allowed the audience to get to know the character Hayley before allowing the storyline to progress. This was seen as being a controversial storyline of its time as it was before the watershed, therefore setting itself up for audience complaints. However, they shown this story by representing a man who has gender corrective surgery to become a woman, by the character being actually played by a woman; adding a sense of realism to the narrative. By introducing the character of Hayley first for the audience to get to know and recognise, they reached a happy ending with the audience by experien cing the gender change with Hayley. What we can therefore conclude from the analysis that has been made is that throughout the television drama history, there has been many issues that are consistently highlighted throughout different narratives of the different television programmes, that television audiences can relate to; therefore making some television aspects more popular than others. This has been successfully portrayed through the representing codes of gender and class and how through different storylines and characters, can sustain realism; being the popularity aspect that allows the audience watching to relate to what is being shown. As well as previous literature being compared and contrasted for support, the uses of examples such as television drama Shameless (2004) and the iconic British soap opera Coronation Street (1960) shows just how these codes of representation are used throughout, being a successful technique in ensuring their popularity amongst audiences is kept to a consistently high standard thro ughout each episode and each series. Word count: 2,539 References Allen, R. and Hill, A. (Eds) The Television Studies Reader. (London: Routledge, 2004). Bignell, J. and Lacey, S. (Eds) Popular Television Drama: Critical Perspectives. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005). Bignell, J. and Lacey, S. and Macmurraugh-Kavanagh, M. (Eds) British Television Drama: Past, Present and Future. (New York: Palgrave Publishers, 2000). Caughie, J. (Ed) Television Drama: Realism, Modernism, and British Culture. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). Casey, B. and Calvert, B. (Eds) Television Studies: The Key Concepts. (Oxon: Routledge, 2008). Corner, J. (Ed) Popular Television In Britain. (London: British Film Institute, 1991). Geraghty, C. (Ed) Women and Soap Opera: A Study of Prime Time Soaps. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd, 1991). Hobson, D. (Ed) Soap Opera. (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2003). Levine, G. (Ed) Realism and Representation: Essays on the Problem of Realism in Relation to Science, Literature, and Culture. (London: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1993). Lukcs, G. (Ed) The Meaning of Contemporary Realism. (Great Britain: Whitstable Litho Ltd, 1963). Munt, S. (Ed) Queer Attachments: The Cultural Politics of Shame. (Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2007). Nelson, R. (Ed) State Of Play: Contemporary â€Å"High-End† TV Drama. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007). Coronation Street. 1960 [DVD] United Kingdom: ITV. Shameless. 2004 [DVD] United Kingdom: Channel 4.   Websites CHANNEL 4. (2011) Shameless (2004) [online]. (no date) [cited on 10th May 2011] channel4.com/programmes/shameless

Discover 8 ways to side-hustle online

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STRATEGIC ANALYSIS assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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