Internet Marketing †Acquisition and Retention Essay

The methods of conducting business have really changed as the impact of globalization has causes several flexibilities and easiness in our lifestyles and daily life. Many businesses find it costly to open it in a physical location and expanding through outlets, which often does not target large audience. Therefore, many businesses are starting through internet where they can target customers from all over the world, market their products or services easily and economically, and get payments right away. Not only this, those businesses that do not operate virtually and have physical locations are finding it more effective and financially beneficial to market their products through internet, and that what is called Internet Marketing. Internet marketing also contains the elements of Direct Marketing, where the promotion of products is done online such as, websites (ResearchStarters, 2008). It does not mean that when businesses are started online they would always save costs and be successful; in fact, many businesses fail due to several factors and one significant of them is poor marketing strategies. Of course, the consumers would not have any idea that a new business has started that for instance, sells soccer jerseys, through its website. The target market should have to be made aware of that business, the products, new offers/deals, customer value, feedback, etc. Therefore, all this requires the business to use effective marketing tools and strategies where it can convey the message to the audience, impress them, convince them to purchase, and provide feedback. Businesses can use online marketing strategies such as, designing websites that grab the attention of the customers at first sight, force them to explore, make them realize that they are everything for the company, provide them with ease in shopping online, and let them give a chance to give a feedback. Moreover, businesses can also use the strategy of mass-emailing to the customers or potential customers whether they are individuals or other entities. Placing ads on popular and most-visited websites is another strategy but is quite expensive. And finally, the use of social networking websites such as, Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace, is lucrative since it is inexpensive and targets wide range of audience. Customer Acquisition and Retention There is absolutely no doubt about the fact that it takes a business much more to spend in acquiring new customers than to retain the old or present customers. The reason being that the acquisition of new customers require the business to conduct market research, target them in a new way, shape the products or services according to their needs, reposition the brand that might damage it, and shape the marketing strategies accordingly. These all result in occurring more and more costs for the company; whereas, retaining old or present customers is quite prolific since they have already tried the products, have an image for it, know the company and its reputation, and most importantly can result in promoting them through word-of-mouth. Other marketing strategies for retaining such customers include offering them membership programs, building good relationships with them, increasing the contact with them, asking them for feedback about whether they are satisfied or not, enhancing support for them, and making them realize that they are part of the database and are given importance (Hughes, 2010). Moreover, retention of customers require the company to reshape and bring innovative features and qualities in their products to make those dormant customers restart buying the products if they have stopped to. There is a rule called 80/20 rule, which means that 80% of the revenue comes from 20% of the loyal customers. Therefore, businesses should not feel bothered if they have to invest more on those customers because they are providing them with more sales. So, companies can conduct sales promotion activities or other marketing campaigns for rejuvenating them and milking them. Also, when businesses get to know that their certain customers have stopped buying the products, they should conduct surveys where they should ask the customers what were the reason due to which they stopped buying, what flaw they saw in it, what improvements they want, etc (Businessfast4ward, 2010).

Premature Rupture of Membranes Essay

When the fluid is lost the cord and fetus can be compressed causing decelerations in which the baby must be removed from the womb. For example, last week in clinical there was a 33 gestational week mother with PPROM who was a smoker and tested positive for opioids. The fetal monitor the night before had indicated decelerations throughout the night, one even lasting nearly 8 minutes. The nurse I was assigned to said that â€Å"she did not realize how close to delivery she was. If a deceleration cannot be brought up in 10 minutes, they are on their way to the OR to deliver! . As discussed in the article, infection is also a major problem with PPROM. The amniotic fluid creates a seal of sorts that is to protect the mother and infant from infection and other harmful things that could enter into the environment of the growing fetus. Once this is lost, infection is easily contracted. Usually infections associated with PPROM are bacterial. According to the article, these types of infection s cause a string of effects that virtually throw the mother into premature labor. Because of the infection, prostaglandins are released. These then cause uterine contractions. However, the metalloproteases that are also released cause the cervix to soften and relax. This is the cause of the membrane rupture according to the article. Race is also thought to play a role in the risk of PPROM. It says that â€Å"black and Hispanic women are at a higher risk in comparison to white women [for PPROM]†. Diagnostic procedures can also cause PPROM. These include carclage and amniocenteses. Because these procedures compromise the integrity of the amniotic sac; the risk for PPROM is increased greatly along with the risk for infection. Management of the PPROM patient depends on gestational age and severity of luid loss. It could be treatment such as medications or it could go as far as full bed rest until delivery. According to the article, 34 weeks ot gestation witn no other complications will often lead to antibiotics and corticosteroids to prolong the pregnancy and decrease the risk for infections. However, in some of the extreme cases that were seen, bed rest or delivery of fetus was seen. In clinical, one of the patients seen was on bed rest until delivery and constant fetal monitoring. In conclusion, infection tends to be the most common effect of PPROM. Smoking nd drug use are viewed as the most common causing risk factors, and fetal complications can range from poor formation of lungs and other physical features, low birth weight, to even fetal death. It is important to educate newly pregnant mothers on risk factors of PPROM, the effects that could occur with PPROM, and educate them on what they can do to prevent this from happening during their pregnancy.

Advantages of visual object and space perception battery

Advantages of visual object and space perception battery Ans. Neuropsychological assessment is incomplete without the visual and space perception (Warrington shape detection, incomplete letters, silhouettes, object decision, dot counting, progressive silhouettes, position discrimination, number allocation and cube analysis (Warrington & James, 1991 as cited in Gorayska & Mey, 2004). Advantages of VOSP Brenda Rapp (2001) has stated that, â€Å"highly sophisticated methods of cognitive assessment can be developed if one uses as a starting point a detailed theory of relevant cognitive system† (Rapp, 2001, p.4). Good examples for theory based assessments methods for visual perception are Birmingham Object Recognition theory (BORB) (as given by Humphreys & Riddoch, 1993) and VOSP (Warrington & James, 1991). VOSP is made on Warrington’s model (Warrington & McCarthy, 1990 as cited in Lara et al., 2004). The model puts forward three subtypes of impaired object recognition. They are, â€Å"disorders of visual sensory discrimination † (Lara et al., 2004, p.386), apperceptive agnosia and associative agnosia. â€Å"Disorders of visual sensory discrimination reflect selective deficits affecting sensory processing including acuity, shape, discrimination and colour discrimination† (Lara et al., 2004, p.386), apperceptive agnosia is impaired object perception (Lara et al., 2004) and associative agnosia is when an individual is unable to derive meaning of the object presented despite having normal perceptual and sensory abilities(Lara et al., 2004). Thus, it can be inferred that object perception is not possible without object recognition in Warrington’s model (Lara et al., 2004) and it points out that object perception is an, â€Å"adequate integration of sensory, perceptual and representation information (Rapport, Millis & Bonello, 1998) in a complex analytical task that integrates perceived details into an organized structure (McCarthy &Warrington, 1990)† (Lara et al., 2004, p. 386). Cogn itive state of visual perception can be better understood with VOSP in normal and pathological population (Lara et al., 2004). For example, when VOSP was administered to patients of Alzheimer’s disease, impairment was found only in the silhouette subtest of VOSP (Binetti et al., 196 as cited in Lara et al., 2004). This suggests that early perceptual processes are still intact in patients who are in the initial stage of Alzheimer’s disease (Binetti et al., 196 as cited in Lara et al., 2004). VOSP is clearly a test of object recognition and space perception and nothing else. The is due to the reason , VOSP is made of different tests which includes tasks which are so designed that they assess specific dissociable aspects of object and space perception (Lawrence et al., 2000 , p.1350). Every task of the test focuses on a particular aspect of visual perception being completely independent of other cognitive and motor processes (Lawrence et al., 2000). Hence, VOSP can be reg arded as a sensitive test battery. The authors of VOSP have stated, â€Å"Any number of the eight individual tests may be administered and there is no prescribed order (Warrington & James, 1991, p.7)† (Merten, 2006, p.460). This is a very useful thing to do. It is very practically next to impossible to administer the complete set of tests of VOSP as part of neuropsychological assessment because it will be quite a time consuming process (Merten, 2006). Moreover, as advised by Lasogga & Michel (1994 in Merten,2006), easy to use screening measure can be used to test initial visual perception on the suspected group and only those showing visible deficits will be asked to go through the complete assessment (Merten, 2006).

Conclusion of the film Whatever Works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conclusion of the film Whatever Works - Essay Example The most important thing in the film is Boris, the leading character of the story, and how his assurance about the truth gets turned upside down. Boris, an expansive atheist with partial disposition to paranoia, seems like a man who is too much skeptic about the world and believes that he knows the way things are. The character of Boris is rather arrogant and extremely negative, although for some reasons he constantly want to fasten his world view to everyone he meets. Thus, thanks to Boris, the main message of the entire movie is quite obvious, because it speaks literally in every movement and dialogue in the film. The nihilistic main character meets a girl who is opposite to him and eventually he expands his world view on her with the difference that he knows the essence of things and she doesn’t realize it. At the very beginning of the story Boris takes the stance that he knows the truth about the word but further circumstances and what they turn into prove to him that thin gs not always work predictably. Notwithstanding that at the end Boris still keeps claiming that he is the only one who sees the entire picture. The interesting thing here is that Boris’ position is rather straight and it is supposed to be changed by all the circumstances and become gentler, still it turns out that he always knew the entire picture, and despite his straight assurance, all the changes actually have fit his world view. Perhaps, the most provocative ting in the movie is the position Boris was trying to prove to everyone. He claims rather nihilistic things about God, he laughs at American values, and hates people (but simultaneously he can’t stand living without them). But with all the new circumstances and changes in Boris’ world, viewers start realizing that the world view is not the most provocative thing in the movie, but life itself is. The movie eventually turns into the art house one,

The Art of Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Art of Analysis - Research Paper Example Dependencies should not be partial on the combined key; this is the main task in this stage. The items in the table must depend on all the combined keys, attributes should not depend on only one of the keys. Sending of normal form fails if this is not attained. Item total price and order total price are derivatives, hence, they should not be a part of the database all these fields, apart from the item quantity, do not fully depend on both order id and item id, hence, the table fails the 2nd normal form standards or requirements. The solution to this is to split the table into two tables so that the items that depend on order id fall in the table with order-id as the primary key, while those items that depend on item-id fall in that table too. Given that item_qty fully depends on order id, item id field and order id field, which is also in the order-item table as primary forming a many to one relation indicated in the diagrams. After this, the table now passed to the 2nd normal form by having field which depends fully on the primary key in the orders table (Diagram 3) but in order-items table the item_price and item_descripition do not depend on order_id as in case with the primary key, hence, further splitting of this table is needed. With diagram 4 all the requirements for the 2nd normalization have been achieved.

Application of National Labor Relations Act Essay

Application of National Labor Relations Act - Essay Example Consequently, the Act is aimed at encouraging collective bargain and curtailing the possibility of the private sector management and labor practices harming business, workers and consequently harming the economy of the United States. In the case study, the activities pursued by the Chief Executive officer and by the Board of Directors in terminating the employment contract of Kayte Clark harms her welfare as an employee and also of the business since she holds the position of deputy vice president of DanskinZ Inc. In affirmation Section 1[ §151.] of the Act avows that inequality in a bargain between organizing corporate bodies of employers and employees who lack the freedom of association violates free flow of commerce and thus serves as a viable litigation as pertains to NLRA. This is evident in the case study since the CEO and the BOD used their organized structure by their legal counsel terminating Kayte Clarks’ employment in her quest to enable the employees to be member s of a union. This is a violation against the right of association of employees  Sec. 7 [ § 157.] and in the right of Kayte Clarks exercising her powers as the vice president of the organization (NLRA 29 U.S.C.  §Ã‚ § 151-169). Employment Retirement Income Security Act is another federal law that confers powers to Kayte Clark filing a claim for compensation against her employers. ERISA asserts that any employee should get his or her full social security contribution upon retirement. However, this is a clause that was violated by the legal counsel by giving Kayte Clark a retirement package that does not pay her social security till 59 years yet her employment is unfairly terminated at 53years prior to her retirement age. Moreover, Title VII is designed to protect employees from employers who have ill intentions as pertains to their contractual obligations.  

Assess the view that feminism has succeeded in its aims Essay

Assess the view that feminism has succeeded in its aims - Essay Example Gilligan further stated that there were female and male moral hierarchies, and that the female moral hierarchy should be equal to the male moral hierarchy. Therefore, Gilligan proposed that females and males should be approached and studied differently, and that women might have different moral hierarchies, but that these hierarchies are not inferior to males, just different. Gilligan further found that men and women are different, in that women value care over rights, and men value rights over care. She further went on to note other cultural differences, such as that males define themselves by separation from others, and females define themselves by identifying with others. Further, cultural feminists understand that our rights and ethos are male centric, and believe that society should listen to the women's voice as much as the man's voice (Turnier et al., 1996). Ending Stereotypes of Women Since cultural feminism is concerned with the differences between men and women, and that, b ecause we lived in a man's world, the man is the one who defines society, stereotyping of women based upon a male's perception of the female ideal is one problem that cultural feminists fight to overcome. One of the ways that women are stereotyped is through the use of ideal body images, which are the ideals that women feel that they have to achieve, in order to be seen as being acceptable to society. The ideal is represented by Playboy models and pageant winners, which are, by and large, difficult if not impossible to attain for the average woman (Calabrese et al., 2011). Our society is inundated by this beauty ideal both through the regular media and through advertising. Advertising, according to Dyer (1989), features the feminine beauty ideal because advertising essentially markets a fantasy, in this case, a male fantasy. The objects that are to be sold are made more valuable in the eyes of society by being associated with these ideal images. Therefore, the feminine ideal of the Barbie or Playboy figure – slim waisted and large breasted – becomes the standard by which women are judged in our advertisements, and is responsible for perpetuating the stereotype that women must uphold these ideals (Dyer, 1989).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reason why the feminine ideal is that of the slim waisted and large breasted Barbie doll or Playboy centerfold is because this is the supposed ideal of the male, and, as de Beauvoir (1973) notes, femininity is defined by the patriarchy in society. That said, as Lorber (1993) notes, the standards of beauty, as defined by men, are ever-changing in society. While the ideal might be the Barbie figure today, and it was in the 1950s as well, as shown by the popularity of Marilyn Monroe, Jayne Mansfield and Jane Russell, the ideal in the 1990s was the emaciated look. This look, according to Lorber (1993) was small-breasted, slim hipped, and emaciated. This ideal was something that the women starved t hemselves for during this period of time (Lorber, 1993). What controls what is popular, as far as body types go, is patriarchy, society and culture (Lorber, 1993). The problem with these images, aside from how they make women feel, is that women become essentially the object of the male sexual gratification and desire, and makes women believe that their appearance is associated with their worth. This leads to a kind of destructive stereotype, that women are supposed to meet the stereotyped ideal, and, if they do not, they fall

How did the successive stages of capitalism change the UK's accounting Essay - 1

How did the successive stages of capitalism change the UK's accounting and financial reporting processes - Essay Example The other is that which supplies his immediate consumption." (Smith, 1776, Web) Revenue in this regard relates to surplus economic production as opposed mere subsistence, but also represents a larger, rational pursuit of this surplus in profit. Yet, it is important to note that Adam Smith does not write specifically of â€Å"capitalism† as a system, but does define the importance of capital in economic relations critically in his analysis. (Novara et al., 2003) In his text â€Å"On Wages† (1817), David Ricardo writes that, "Capital is that part of the wealth of a country which is employed in production, and consists of food, clothing, tools, raw materials, machinery, etc. necessary to give effect to labour." (Ricardo, 1817, Web) Yet, it is Marx who develops capitalism as a system theoretically in his works such as â€Å"Das Kapital† (1867) and others which would inaugurate and define nearly all later intellectual treatment of the subject. (Bryer, 2005) I. A Defin ition of Capitalism In "Wage Labour and Capital" (1849) Marx initiates a fundamental definition of capital: "Capital consists of raw materials, instruments of labour and means of subsistence of all kinds, which are utilized in order to produce new raw materials, new instruments of labour and new means of subsistence... ... ystems, trade, and labor exchanges are found from the early stages of human development historically, but Sombart points to the use of accounting standards as an essential characteristic of capitalism. Through this interpretation, historians can search primary source materials from various societies to determine the degree that accounting records were kept. Where systems of agriculture and early industry involved work relations and paid labor, the development of capitalism historically in the society is evident. Similarly, a community monetary system is essential for the development of marketplace capitalism, as well as the exchange of surpluses in supply and labor. As Basil Yamey writes in "Accounting and the Rise of Capitalism" (1964): "Werner Sombart was largely responsible for the broad thesis that systematic of scientific accounting, identified with the double-entry system, played an important part in releasing, activating or accentuating the 'rationalistic pursuit of profits,' and essential of the capitalist spirit." (Winjum, 1971) III. The Pre-Capitalist Era (4000 BC to 1000AD) In the pre-capitalist era, money systems allowed agriculturalists to trade surplus products in a manner that encouraged the growth of capitalism and forms the basis for economic exchange. Some theorists relate capitalism to a system of political values, as the theory of capitalism developed from within the political context of the 18th Century related to the onset of democracy, liberalism, and modernism historically. This creates the question of whether the political definition of capitalism can be legitimately applied to early commercial, industrial, and agricultural trading activity in England in the pre-historical or feudal period. The development of artisan groups and skilled labor

Shoplifting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shoplifting - Essay Example The suspect is an alcoholic, unemployed, with no food in his house, leaves in filthy conditions and is a serial shoplifter which he admits to do it again to fund his alcoholism. From the labeling theory perspective, the initial act of shoplifting is normal and it is the interaction with those respond to it that causes deviance. Shoplifting is brought to the notice of police only after it is detected by the staff of shop, detective or public. In Gibben's study of shoplifting from the statistics of "Larceny from Shops and stalls" of 1935-1960, it was showed that the number fluctuated between 1949 and 1955 but have subsequently increased by substantial portions; and from the information presented, he argued that with both adults and children, the numbers are largely dependent upon the arresting and charging policy of the shops and there have been changes in policy between 1949 and 1959 in particular instances.(NG Wai Yee, nd:40-51)2 The suspect admits that he will continue with his practice as it would be difficult to regain his identity and sense of self efficacy. The suspects inclusion in the society will be further outlawed leading to social exclusion which in turn will lead to more incidents of shoplifting and may be other adverse crimes to support his livelihood. Relying on the strain theory, it is evident that suspect has indulged in such acts just because of addiction towards alcoholic materials, which he has admitted.3 From the society's and community's perspective which does not support or provide support to such accused, he should be present before the court as it may do no world of good to him by not confining him. According to Charles A. Sennewald, the only person who can arrest the suspect is the one who has seen it actually happening. The process of 'stop' is to impede or interrupt the customer by the staff to inquire about the transaction and extract a satisfactory explanation. Detention occurs based only on probable cause and the duration is used to investigate the circumstances of the event in which the act has happened. Thereafter is the suspect admits his crime, its up to the manager to call the police who makes an official arrest and the case is transferred from private affair to criminal justice system.4 In some cases, manager can let go the suspect sometimes by taking back the lifted goods or by imposing fines on the lifted goods, etc. In some cases, the staff or manager tend to show sympathy towards such unhappy, unemployed, alcoholic addicted person who has make his livelihood through such felony. But again, such acts may encourage him to commit such crimes again and again which ma y tamper the reputation and costs of the stores and retail shops and other malls, etc. Peter Honey and Alan Mumford developed their learning styles system as a variation on the Kolb model while working on a project for the Chloride Corporation in the 1970's. The stages originated from the work of David Kolb's Learning Styles. The first stage is to have an experience, wherein people use other people's work and rely on their analysis. This style is similar to that of Accommodating Stage where people prefer to work in teams to complete tasks and actively work in the field trying different ways to achieve target. Honey and

What About Bob Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What About Bob - Essay Example Bob Wiley from the film What About Bob? displays several distinct features of psychological disorders described and identified in the DSM-IV Manual. Among the mental illnesses Bob exhibits Agoraphobia, Germophobia, Panic Attacks, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Histrionic Personality Disorder, and Factitious Disorder. These disorders all manifest themselves separately and, according to the Axes of the DSM-IV, completely or partially fulfill the criteria of the previously mentioned disorders. In the beginning of the film, Bob describes his disorder as a fear of germs, and a nervous feeling whenever he leaves the confines of his home. He describes his compulsive need to fake illness to hide his disorders, and that he often â€Å"blacks out† or â€Å"loses consciousness†. He exhibits germophobia when interacting with public telephones, along with a general agoraphobia shown when he stepped out of his home and fell into a crouched position as a large truck goes by. These phobias are compounded by a general anxiety that extends to all other of his activities. The agoraphobia is perhaps the clearest of Bob’s diagnosable problems. Bob avoids public and confined situations (which may hint at an element of claustrophobia), such as the elevator, which is an experience he endures as he screams at the top of his lungs. Whether it is the elevator or the bus, Bob pushes through it saying â€Å"Baby steps to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and following the Doctor’s advice. Bob exhibits pathological nervousness when in situations where getting away can be difficult or where getting help may be difficult if his anxiety occurs. He states this quite clearly when he tells Dr. Marvin about his fear of his heart exploding, or about his fear that he will not find a bathroom in time and his bladder will explode. Nevertheless, Bob’s agoraphobia does not inhibit him from going out in public. Even

Consulted Magna with Recommendations Essay Example for Free

Consulted Magna with Recommendations Essay Magna International Inc. (Magna) is a Canadian car and light trucks parts maker, who design, develop and manufacture automotive systems, assemblies, modules and components, as well as engineers and assembles complete vehicles, primarily for sale to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). Magna operates in three geographical regions: North America, Europe, and the rest of the world (mainly Asia, South America and Africa), making Magna an international company. We have investigated Magna and identified two key issues they are currently facing. Firstly, Magna is suffering Quality Control problems in their divisions, such as Magna Powertrain, Magna Steyr, Magna Closures, Magna Car Top Systems, etc. The current method of dealing with problems is a weak matrix structure. However, we recommend two alternatives that will increase Magnas efficiency. Our first recommendation is to create a Dedicated Team. Our second recommendation is to enhance the existing Matrix Structure, by making it stronger. We illustrate numerous strengths and weaknesses for each recommendation. The second issue Magna is dealing with is the increased pressure to unionize their employees. To a degree, this matter seems unavoidable. We simply recommend Magana create a Managements Rights Clause and/or Management Prerogatives Rights in order to protect their rights and clarify various aspects of employment rights from the beginning. Therefore, Magna needs to assess these alternatives from their internal perspective. As a consulting agency, we can only suggest alternatives that would suit the organization and improve their current drawbacks. Introduction Magna International Inc. (Magna) is a Canadian car parts maker and supplier to a wide variety of automakers throughout the world. The systems Magna provides are major components in the final assembly of cars, for GM, Ford, Chrysler, Mercedes, BMW, Toyota, Honda, Porsche, Volkswagen, along with others. We have identified two issues with Magna, for which we have derived several alternatives. One issue is Quality Control (QC) in Magnas systems, which is due to organizational structure when dealing with QC. Another issue that Magna is currently experiencing is the increasing pressures to unionize their employees. Magnas current QC procedure will be discussed, followed by an analysis of Magnas two key issues we have identified including alternatives that we propose. Current Quality Control Process In order to properly asses the current situation with the QC processes an employee of Magna directly involved with such issues was interviewed. The company is organized in a number of independent divisions that are system/product oriented, for example Vision System, Powertrain System, Electronic System, etc. Each of these divisions is involved in a final system assembly stage and supplying systems to the car and light truck manufacturers. Each division has its own chain of suppliers and sub-contractors to supply parts, to make adjustments or process them, and to perform primary assembly. The final assembly of the system is performed at one of the Magna division plants (Appendix A). The cross functional team (CFT) is comprised of representatives from the functional departments. These representatives are gathered from departments, such as Logistics, QC, Materials, Production, Accounting and Purchasing (Appendix B). They are assigned to the team, as CFT members, in order to deal with a specific problem at hand. The CFT leader only has authority to gather information on the QC problems, workout possible solutions to implement with the respective cost associated with these solutions. The solutions are then conveyed to the Chief Operations Officer (COO) for consideration, decision and implementation. Once the problem is resolved, CFT members resume to their respective positions and duties. Other factors with regards to QC include financial risk, performance risk as well as problems between business to business relationships. In terms of financial risk, if Magnas quality is not up to par, their clients demand may diminish and will result in lower revenues. Currently, the Big Three (Ford, GM, Chrysler) represent 60% of revenues, therefore it is in Magnas best interest to insure that demand does not diminish for these customers because a ripple affect will occur and Magna will also be affected by a decrease in demand and revenue. Along the same lines, if customers are not satisfied with the parts produced, they will find another supplier. In addition, if defective parts have to be shipped back, it poses a financial risk given that Magna is losing the potential to make a profit from those parts, representing an opportunity cost. Furthermore, there are performance risks associated with QC given that customers may purchase parts that do not function or perform as they are intended to. Moreover, if Magna is supplying dysfunctional parts it will jeopardize the relationship with their customers by diminishing the trust and loyalty that has been established over the many years of their relationship. This may result in an unfavourable image on Magnas part and will create a risk of being replaced by another supplier. As a result Magna may choose to find other companies with higher standards to outsource to and form a strategic partnership with them. To re-establish trust with their customers, they will have to provide superior performance, social ties and specific investments such as training new supplier personnel on how to produce certain parts and establish contractual agreements specifying for example the limit conditions on products and also who will be responsible for losses incurred as a result of faulty products. Thus, with this background knowledge of Magnas QC problem, we suggest two alternatives for Magna, a Dedicated Team Approach and Strong Matrix Team Approach. Alternatives Dedicated Team Magnas current CFT (weak matrix structure) is ineffective because the CFT leader does not possess enough authority to resolve the issue in a timely manner, hence cost effective. In order to achieve successful project completion, one of our recommendations is to implement a Dedicated Team (Appendix C). This structure is preferred when considered solely from the project managers point of view. People and assets are allocated completely to the project for as long as they are needed to complete the project. Furthermore, in a Dedicated Team, the project manager has full line authority over all the resources. This effectively sets up a separate goal-oriented department of the company, which is its own functional department. The project manager still has the problem of managing and integrating other companies and external organizations contributing to the project, but has full mastery over all the people and groups working on the project within his/her company. This goal-oriented structure makes planning, control and general project management simpler and easier than with other forms of organization. There can be much better integration of everyone who is involved in the project and communication between them (formal and informal) is faster, direct and frequent. Teamwork is much easier to develop and therefore creates a higher degree of commitment to the project objectives, especially when the team is permanent. Conflict is likely to be less than other project organization forms and if complications arise it can be solved more easily. Consequently, project teams tend to maximize the probability of completing projects on time, within budget and to specification. Unfortunately, teams are not the most flexible way in which to use company resources. If more than one team exists in the same company, it becomes necessary to increase the numbers of specialists on the payroll because each specialist (or group of specialists) must be allocated fully to each project team for the projects life. It is usually difficult to switch specialists from one project to another to take account of day-to-day fluctuations in workload. Division of labour within functions is therefore more difficult so that a dedicated project team might have to make do with a generalist in a function where a specialist would be preferred. Therefore, although the Dedicated project team (separate divisional form of project organization) enables projects to be managed more effectively than the functional organization and it avoids some of the problems of more complex organizational forms, it can generally be used on larger projects capable of sustaining bigger functionalist groups within the team. The team structure is appropriate, therefore when a company is handling a single important project, or where one project is much more important than the others, it justifies setting up a completely separate company division. In that case, the size of the project and the volume of the work should be great enough to provide full time activity for each of the functional specialists or groups assigned to the project. Dedicated project teams cannot be used when a company is handling several relatively small projects simultaneously on a continuous basis because they would splinter up the function resources. This splintering inhibits the transfer of personnel between projects according to demand and reduces the number of projects that a company can handle for a given number of staff. Strong Matrix Team One of the reasons that Magna is experiencing problems with effectively dealing with its QC problems has to do with its organizational structure. Magna currently has in place a weak matrix system which creates problems with its reporting dimensions. The current belief is that in order to get things done in the organization there has to be a dual-reporting structure, in which one person is assigned to two bosses. With regard to the QC procedure Magna currently has in place, the CFT leader that has no real authority or decision making power over the problems that arise. The CFT leaders duty is simply to gather information, analyze the problem, provide solutions, and report all this to the COO. The COO discusses this information with the board of directors who decide as a whole which option to choose and then vertically pass down the information to the CFT leader. This process exerts a lot of time and every hour of idle production costs the company millions of dollars. Another issue with the current matrix structure is that employees that are part of this CFT are having a difficult time dealing with this vertical chain of authority; they have to deal with their functional manager as well as their team leader. This usually results in the CRT leaders requests being left out of the equation.

Performance Management Essay Example for Free

Performance Management Essay Overview Welcome to Module 1. If you have not already done so, read the Program Manual located in the Reference Material section of the CMA Canada Professional Programs website. It provides you with important introductory information about the program. In Module 1 of the program, candidates are exposed to many functional competencies from the CMA Competency Map that involve decision making regarding performance management, performance measurement, risk management and governance, and financial reporting. For assistance when doing their assignments in these areas, candidates are expected to draw on many of their intermediate and advanced management and financial accounting concepts they learned in their university courses and/or in the Accelerated Program. For instance, in this assignment, one of the concepts involves Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) analysis. In these types of analysis, candidates may be asked to look at how profits and costs change with a change in volume, or a change in such factors as variable costs, fixed costs, selling prices, and mix of products sold. By studying the relationships of costs, sales and net income, management is better able to cope with many planning decisions. Candidates who have difficulty doing this assignment or future assignments regarding CVP are encouraged to review Chapters 11 and 12 from the Horngren et al. required reading mentioned below. As candidates gain more work experience, they will be exposed to a number of organizational concerns in the topic areas outlined above. For instance, candidates may be asked to provide analysis on such items as: 1. Preparing reports on a product or geographic segment to determine where the organization generates cash and profits; 2. Evaluating strategic alternatives in one’s organization using cost-benefit and scenario/sensitivity analysis; 3. Determining the effectiveness of costing systems for their appropriateness for an organization; Â © 2012 The Society of Management Accountants of Canada. All rights reserved. Â ®/â„ ¢ Registered Trade-Marks/Trade-Marks are owned by The Society of Management Accountants of Canada. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form without the permission of the copyright holder. 4. Introducing the main concepts of strategy to facilitate an understanding of the big picture; 5. Constructing and analyzing a cash flow statement to determine cash needs; 6. Looking at different short-term investment strategies as a means to effectively utilize excess cash; 7. Examining the effectiveness of internal control systems within an organization; 8. Reporting results using GAAP or a disclosed basis of accounting; and 9. Analyzing a company’s various product lines. Management accountants are often called upon to provide the analysis required for pricing decisions, such as cost-volume-profit, product costing, expected value, break even, contribution margin, and sensitivity analyses. Proper and accurate analysis is critical if management is to make well-informed decisions. Using the Right Financial Analysis Tool Candidates will oftentimes find themselves constrained by space (word/page limits) and/or time when doing their assignments. A critical outcome of analyzing cases is learning to use financial analysis tools under the appropriate circumstances. Selecting the right tool has the effect of demonstrating both good judgement (in terms of the candidate’s ability to select an appropriate tool) and conciseness (in presenting the information in a professional manner without burdening the reader with non-important information). Below are some examples that help to demonstrate how selecting the right tool for the right circumstance is critical to complete assignments in a quick and efficient manner. While the examples demonstrate the use of one tool, note that other tools may be just as effective. Given two scenarios and asked to provide an analysis between them, candidates could analyze them by forecasting the full income statement for both. While this is a valid approach, it takes a significant amount of time and requires the use of valuable report space that could be better used with the selection of a different tool. It may be more appropriate under these circumstances to identify only those relevant revenues and costs and compare those. For a more in-depth discussion of the differences between the two approaches, see pages 422-423 in Chapter 11 of Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis (Required Readings listed below). Specifically, Exhibit 11-2 on page 423 demonstrates the visual difference between the two approaches. Oftentimes contribution margin calculations can be used to drastically reduce both the time it takes to analyze a problem and the space required to show the analysis. This type of analysis may apply to analyze individual products, divisions or customer groups. This tool can allow one to present the analysis information in a much more concise way. Discounting is another tool that can be used to analyze various scenarios. Again, one could prepare a financial forecast for both scenarios and discount those accordingly. However, a more efficient method would be to select only the relevant revenues and/or costs for preparation and discounting. This tool is particularly useful when looking at scenarios that create different multi-year impacts or that need to be evaluated over a period of time. Candidates are encouraged to review Chapters 11 and 12 in Horngren et al. (Required Readings listed below) for more examples on tool selection. Learning to identify the relevant information can drastically reduce both the time spent on the analysis and the space required to report it. In this assignment, candidates are specifically directed to do only certain steps of the Steps for Approaching Business and Corporate Strategy. This case-solving approach was first introduced to candidates at the Orientation Session. As mentioned at the Orientation, these steps provide candidates with a systematic approach for addressing a case involving business-level and corporate-level strategic issues. The first three modules (Development Phase) of the CMA Canada Professional Programs prepare candidates for the Case Examination and focus on the business-level strategic issues. Applying this approach effectively is one of the important competencies that candidates will learn in the Professional Programs. Reference Documents To assist candidates with case analysis, a series of reference documents have been created and can be found in the Reference Material section of the Professional Programs website. The most important documents include: 1. 2. 3. 4. Steps for Approaching Business and Corporate Strategy General Assessment Guide Business Report Guidelines Format Specifications There are other documents such as Situational Analysis Tools, Developing an Implementation Plan and Pro Forma Financial Statements. Candidates should find these documents very useful throughout the program. Learning Outcomes By the end of the assignment, candidates will be able to recommend strategies and tactics to a company that is in a downturn scenario. Due Date Please refer to the Schedule accessed from the left navigation menu.

Computer Break-In Ethics Essay

Computer Break-In Ethics Essay What do I define as Ethical? To me, ethical is equivalent to morally right. It can be thought of as the expression done when you consider the feelings of those who are or will be directly affected by your actions. Therefore, ethical behavior is to act in a way that is loving and respectful of the potentially affected person. Spafford uses a deontological assessment as his ethical system to consider and judge the computer break-ins; this assessment determines what is right by examining the process (action) over outcome (result). According to Spafford, another way to define ethical behavior is to ask: Would we view that act as sensible and proper if everyone were to engage in it? When paired side by side, Spaffords definition of ethical behavior is one and the same in comparison to my definition where the action is the subject analyzed and if loving and respecting the potentially affected person is the sensible and proper thing to do if everyone engaged in it. As the years go by, new technology is being developed and implemented. More and more companies upgrade their entire computer systems, computer professionals upgrade their skills, and database administrators become even more alert and responsive. Not to mention that all that advanced technology becomes increasingly complex and must come with solid security. I am suggesting that the security argument for a break-in becomes more and more obsolete especially 30 years from the publishing of Spaffords article. In fact, it will be obvious that the perpetrator had unethical motives because he or she is intelligent enough to know that such technology must come with tight security which is obviously critically monitored; thus, the excuse for probing to find a fault is inapplicable. Just as the security argument gets less applicable with the influx of new technology, the student hacker arguments loses its potency also. The first argument where student hackers claim they are doing no harm and changing nothing they are simply learning about how computer systems operate has two major problems: disbelief from perspective and little education scope. The computer lab director (or whoever is in charge) is automatically inclined to think the worst possible scenario after hearing news that a student hacked into the new University network. From his perspective, he simply cannot trust the students word that no harm was done. A good example is that of a home owner who just heard a burglar broke into his home. He immediately thinks of the valuable assets such as the television, jewelry, kitchen appliances and other such items. The very unlikely assumption is that the burglar is actually doing him a favor by testing of the locks in his house whether it is functional or not. Furthermore, there is little education about entire computer system operations gained in hacking. I can concede the fact that the hacker may learn proprietary information but full scope education of computer systems cannot be achieved through hacking. The second student hacker argument outlines that computers are expensive, and that they are merely furthering their education in a cost effective manner may have a slight edge in the modern society where technology becomes expensive but ultimately fails for the reason explained earlier that full scope, fundamental education is not possible through hacking particularly when the system is most likely complicated as it would be in futuristic times. The final student hacker argument where their creations [viruses] are intended to be harmless and that they are simply learning how to write complex programs is broken into two sub-arguments that I will analyze; I will start by addressing the second sub-argument. The second sub-argument may se em convincing in the fact that the student is learning how to write complex programs in an age where computer system are extensively complex, however, the entire argument fails when analyzing the first sub-argument. No company, institution, or individual cares if the virus was intended to be harmless because restoring the system is expensive. The economic factor in restoring system integrity of an already intricate system drains the entire argument of any influence. The argument that hackers break into systems to watch instances of data abuse and to help keep Big Brother at bay already presents a reason that is reasonable at the publishing of Spaffords article. This means that the argument gains a bit more credibility in the futuristic age where data abuse by corporations and government agencies will be almost rampant. One error of this argument presumes the hackers can prevent data abuse without offsetting network activities; secondly, the argument will always fail to provide comfort for any individual that his sensitive information is entrusted to hackers whose names are unknown. Even with the previously mentioned flaws, the social protector argument is relevant, at least considerable, in an age where even the simplest action of eating can be provided by robots.

Costs, revenue and breaking even Essay -- Business and Management Stud

Costs, revenue and breaking even INTRODUCTION In this part of the coursework I will be looking at costs, revenue and breaking even. To do this we will have to work out our fixed costs, variable costs, expected total revenue, the amount of cars needed to break even and whether we make a profit or loss. A Business Plan Material and Equipment Fixed costs All of these materials and supplies will be bought from a local D.I.Y shop. * 4 sponges incl. 1 revolving sponge: -  £32 * 4 buckets: -  £10 * 4 scrubbing brushes for wheels: -  £4 * Advertising Leaflets: -  £5 * 4 chamois leather: -  £12 Total fixed costs: -  £63 Variable costs The washing up liquid can be bought from any local shop, but the water will be supplied from each of us from our homes although we wont be actually paying for the water it is included for business purposes. * Washing up liquid (10 cars per bottle): -  £2.50 * Water: -  £0.20 (per car) Total Variable Costs: -  £0.45 (per car) Breakeven This is a table to show a break-even analysis for a high price of  £4.00 per car. --------------------------------------------------------------------- No. f. Costs v. Costs t. Costs Revenue Profit/ Loss Of cars. ( £) ( £) ( £) ( £) ( £) 0  £63 0  £63 0 ...

Black Widow Spiders :: Biology Biological Spiders Research Spider Essays

Adult black widow spiders have a shiny, black, rounded, circular abdomen and are about 1/3 inch long (about 1-1/2 inches when their legs are spread). Adult spiders have two reddish or yellowish triangles on their bottom which looks like an hourglass marking, and their body color is dark colored usually black or sometimes dark brown. They are usually recognized because of their red or red-orange hourglass design on the bottom of their abdomen. This pattern is changeable and may look like two separated spots. In some spiders there is no pattern on the abdomen. The immature stages of both sexes of the widow spiders have red or red-orange or yellow spots and strips on the top of their abdomen. Females are colored gray or pale brown. Their color gets darker as they get older. The hourglass pattern on the underside of the abdomen forms throughout their development. Male widow spiders are smaller about 1/4 inch long, and they're usually not black in overall color, instead it looks like a light brown or gray. Male widows have an hourglass pattern too. When they are full-grown they have large knob-like shapes called pedipalps, which start from the head. But to females they still look the same. Newly hatched spiderlings are white or a yellowish-white, eventually turning blackish when they get older. Adolescents of both sexes look like the male. Black Widow spiders build loose and uneven mesh-type webs of rough silk in dark places usually outdoors. And build their webs near the ground (sometimes inside of houses) but mainly they build them outside. Black Widows can be found near the ground in dark undisturbed areas. Nest sites are near holes made by small animals, or around construction openings and woodpiles. Also they can be found around low shrubs which are usual sites for widow spiders. Black widows are also found inside in dark undisturbed areas like behind furniture or under desks and in undisturbed basement areas and crawl spaces of homes are areas where black widow nests are. They don't produce a web like the weaving spiders do or the funnel pattern webs that the funnel weaver spider's make. The female lays eggs in silken cocoon sacs about 1/2-inch in width. The sack is a pear shaped, and is a creamy yellow, light gray, or light brown in color. They usually lay about 300 to 400 eggs per sac and have 4 to 9 egg

The Battle for Space in Shaw Essay -- Development Space

The Battle for Space in Shaw "Groups, classes or fractions of classes cannot constitute themselves or recognize one another as ‘subjects’ unless they generate (or produce) a space. Ideas, representation, or values which do not succeed in making their mark on space†¦.will lose all pith and become mere sign†¦Space’s investment - the production of space – has nothing incidental about it: it is a matter of life and death." Henri Lefebve, The Production of Space Lefebvre's quote speaks of the production of space as a common, inevitable Occurrence. Different groups, organizations and people, are constantly producing spaces. These groups are in existence only because they have generated a space and occupied it. Today, a battle for space is occurring throughout DC and other urban areas throughout the country in the vision of new Global, high tech cities. What is left of the existing space and the people who occupied it prior? Lefebvre suggests that these 'ideas, representation, and values' that are unsuccessful in keeping their ground eventually fade and become mere memory. The public commonly hears the word development – a fancier world that legitimizes a particular production of a space. (Class discussion 3-17-01) In mainstream society, producing a new office complex or a shopping center is thought of as an engine that generates new jobs and production that brings great amounts of money into the area. Although this model is successful, it fails to recognize other, less dramatic models of economic development that also stimulate growth and change without hurting an entire community. Development, defined by Raymond Williams "can limit and confuse virtually any generalizing description of the current world economic order, and... ... packet 320) Like McGovern suggest, this way of thinking involves a change in consciousness away from the hegemony that has taught as to think this way. The underlying truth is that development will hurt Shaw – Mayor Williams and other development officials may provide enticing information about the benefits that a Global city will have on DC’s economy. In the long run, however, this help - greater revenues from department stores and cafà ©s, tax incentives for new home buyers and businesses, and attracting the rich suburbanites who finally want a part of city life - will repave and destroy the Shaw neighborhood and eventually all of DC. As Lefebve says "the production of space has nothing incidental about it: it is a matter of life and death" and in the near future, maybe the only thing left, will be a lifeless plaque that commemorates the forgotten residents of Shaw.

Demarcation in Philosophy of Science Essay

The demarcation problem in the philosophy of science is about how to distinguish between science and nonscience, and more specifically, between science and pseudoscience (a theory or method doubtfully or mistakenly held to be scientific). The debate continues after over a century of dialogue among philosophers of science and scientists in various fields, and despite broad agreement on the basics of scientific method. The demarcation problem is the philosophical problem of determining what types of hypotheses should be considered scientific and what types should be considered pseudoscientific or non-scientific. It also concerns itself with the ongoing struggle between science and religion, in particular the question about which elements of religious doctrine can and should be subjected to scientific scrutiny. This is one of the central topics of the philosophy of science, and it has never been fully resolved. The Purpose of Demarcation Demarcations of science from pseudoscience can be made for both theoretical and practical reasons. From a theoretical point of view, the demarcation issue is an illuminating perspective that contributes to the philosophy of science. From a practical point of view, the distinction is important for decision guidance in both private and public life. Since science is our most reliable source of knowledge in a wide variety of areas, we need to distinguish scientific knowledge from its look-alikes. Due to the high status of science in present-day society, attempts to exaggerate the scientific status of various claims, teachings, and products are common enough to make the demarcation issue pressing in many areas. The demarcation issue is therefore important in many practical applications such as the following: Healthcare: Medical science develops and evaluates treatments according to evidence of their efficiency. Pseudoscientific activities in this area give rise to inefficient and sometimes dangerous interventions. Healthcare providers, insurers, government authorities and – most importantly – patients need guidance on how to distinguish between medical science and medical pseudoscience. Expert testimony: It is essential for the rule of law that courts get the facts right. The reliability of different types of evidence must be correctly determined, and expert testimony must be based on the best available knowledge. Sometimes it is in the interest of litigants to present non-scientific claims as solid science. Therefore courts must be able to distinguish between science and pseudoscience. Environmental policies: In order to be on the safe side against potential disasters it may be legitimate to take preventive measures when there is valid but yet insufficient evidence of an environmental hazard. This must be distinguished from taking measures against an alleged hazard for which there is no valid evidence at all. Therefore, decision-makers in environmental policy must be able to distinguish between scientific and pseudoscientific claims. Science education: The promoters of some pseudosciences (notably creationism) try to introduce their teachings on school curricula. Teachers and school authorities need to have clear criteria of inclusion that protect students against unreliable and disproved teachings Ancient Greek Science An early attempt at demarcation can be seen in the efforts of Greek natural philosophers and medical practitioners to distinguish their methods and their accounts of nature from the mythological or mystical accounts of their predecessors and contemporaries. Medical writers in the Hippocratic tradition maintained that their discussions were based on necessary demonstrations, a theme developed by Aristotle in his â€Å"Posterior Analytics†. One element of this polemic (passionate argument) for science was an insistence on a clear and definite presentation of arguments, rejecting the imagery, analogy, and myth of the old wisdom. Aristotle described at length what was involved in having scientific knowledge of something. To be scientific, he said, one must deal with causes, one must use logical demonstration, and one must identify the universals which ‘inhere’ in the particulars of sense. Criteria for Demarcation: Logical Positivism also known as Verificationism * Held that only statements about empirical observations and formal logical propositions are meaningful, and that statements which are not derived in this manner (including religious and metaphysical statements) are by nature meaningless. * The Viennese philosophers who introduced the positivist paradigm effectively laid the groundwork for the modern philosophy of science and one of its most important strands of thought. The early Positivists favored a rather strict approach to the demarcation and strongly affirmed the empirical nature of science, meaning that questions that cannot be empirically verified or falsified are irrelevant to scientific thought. * These philosophers, who called themselves logical positivists, argued that to produce a meaningful claim, one must always return to the tangible observations that result from that claim. * By the late 1970s, its ideas were so generally recognized to be seriously defective. Falsifiability * Proposed by Karl Popper. In his monumental book, â€Å"The Logic of Scientific Discovery† he proposed the idea that scientific hypotheses must be falsifiable; unfalsifiable hypotheses should be considered pseudoscience. Popper’s emphasis on falsifiability changed the way scientists viewed the demarcation problem, and his impact on philosophy of science was enormous. * Popper’s demarcation criterion has been criticized both for excluding legitimate science and for giving some pseudosciences the status of being scientific. Postpositivism * Thomas Kuhn, an American historian and philosopher of science, is often connected with what has been called postpositivism. * In 1962, Kuhn published The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, which depicted the development of the basic natural sciences in an innovative way. According to Kuhn, the sciences do not uniformly progress strictly by scientific method. Rather, there are two fundamentally different phases of scientific development in the sciences. In the first phase, scientists work within a paradigm (set of accepted beliefs). When the foundation of the paradigm weakens and new theories and scientific methods begin to replace it, the next phase of scientific discovery takes place. Kuhn believes that scientific progress—that is, progress from one paradigm to another—has no logical reasoning. He undermines science as a whole by arguing that what is considered science changes throughout history in such a way that there is no objective way (outside of time or place) to demarcate a scientific belief from a pseudoscientific belief. Science, Kuhn argues, is like politics: institutions believe that certain ways are better than others at different points throughout history; however, it is impossible to be more or less certain of our basic assumptions about the world. Within a democracy (a specific political paradigm) there can be progress: an economy can grow, schools can be built, and people can be given healthcare. However, if a revolution occurs and the country becomes socialist, the government is not inherently better or worse than before, but simply begins to follow a different set of assumptions. Paradigm shift * A paradigm shift is a phenomenon described by philosopher Thomas Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. * Kuhn posited a process to explain the persistence of incorrect ideas, and the seemingly rapid and sudden abandonment of these ideas when they finally are rejected. * People tend to believe in what they know, and science is basically conservative. A current â€Å"paradigm† or theory is difficult to dislodge. It takes either a large volume of evidence, or a particularly powerful single piece of evidence to overturn major scientific theories (scientific revolution). When this occurs, it is called a â€Å"paradigm shift†. Lakatos’ research programs * Imre Lakatos combined elements of Popper and Kuhn’s philosophies with his concept of research programs. Programs that succeed at predicting novel facts are scientific, while ones that fail ultimately lapse into pseudoscience. Feyerabend and Lakatos * Kuhn’s work largely called into question Popper’s demarcation, and emphasized the human, subjective quality of scientific change. Paul Feyerabend was concerned that the very question of demarcation was insidious: science itself had no need of a demarcation criterion, but instead some philosophers were seeking to justify a special position of authority from which science could dominate public discourse. Feyerabend argued that science does not in fact occupy a special place in terms of either its logic or method, and no claim to special authority made by scientists can be upheld. He argued that, within the history of scientific practice, no rule or method can be found that has not been violated or circumvented at some point in order to advance scientific knowledge. Both Lakatos and Feyerabend suggest that science is not an autonomous form of reasoning, but is inseparable from the larger body of human thought and inquiry. NOMA * The concept of Non-overlapping Magisteria is a relatively recent attempt at proposing a clear demarcation between science and religion. It explicitly restricts science to its naturalistic foundations, meaning that no conclusions about supernatural phenomena like gods may be drawn from within the confines of science. â€Å"As to the supposed ‘conflict’†¦between science and religion, no such conflict should exist because each subject has a legitimate magisterium, or domain of teaching authority—and these magisteria do not overlap.† Criteria based on scientific progress Popper’s demarcation criterion concerns the logical structure of theories. Imre Lakatos described this criterion as â€Å"a rather stunning one. A theory may be scientific even if there is not a shred of evidence in its favour, and it may be pseudoscientific even if all the available evidence is in its favour. That is, the scientific or non-scientific character of a theory can be determined independently of the facts†. Instead, Lakatos proposed a modification of Popper’s criterion that he called â€Å"sophisticated (methodological) falsificationism†. On this view, the demarcation criterion should not be applied to an isolated hypothesis or theory but rather to a whole research program that is characterized by a series of theories successively replacing each other. In his view, a research program is progressive if the new theories make surprising predictions that are confirmed. In contrast, a degenerating research programme is characterized by theories bein g fabricated only in order to accommodate known facts. Progress in science is only possible if a research program satisfies the minimum requirement that each new theory that is developed in the program has a larger empirical content than its predecessor. If a research program does not satisfy this requirement, then it is pseudoscientific. According to Paul Thagard, a theory or discipline is pseudoscientific if it satisfies two criteria. One of these is that the theory fails to progress, and the other that â€Å"the community of practitioners makes little attempt to develop the theory towards solutions of the problems, shows no concern for attempts to evaluate the theory in relation to others, and is selective in considering confirmations and disconfirmations†. A major difference between his approach and that of Lakatos is that Lakatos would classify a nonprogressive discipline as pseudoscientific even if its practitioners work hard to improve it and turn it into a progressive discipline. In a somewhat similar vein, Daniel Rothbart (1990) emphasized the distinction between the standards that should be used when testing a theory and those that should be used when determining whether a theory should at all be tested. The latter, the eligibility criteria, include that the theory should encapsulate the explanatory success of its rival, and that it should yield test implications that are inconsistent with those of the rival. According to Rothbart, a theory is unscientific if it is not testworthy in this sense. George Reisch proposed that demarcation could be based on the requirement that a scientific discipline be adequately integrated into the other sciences. The various scientific disciplines have strong interconnections that are based on methodology, theory, similarity of models etc. Creationism, for instance, is not scientific because its basic principles and beliefs are incompatible with those that connect and unify the sciences. More generally speaking, says Reisch, an epistemic field is pseudoscientific if it cannot be incorporated into the existing network of established sciences. Rejection of the Problem * Some philosophers have rejected the idea of the demarcation problem, such as Larry Laudan. Others like Susan Haack, while not rejecting the problem wholesale, argue that a misleading emphasis has been placed on the problem that results in getting stuck in arguments over definitions rather than evidence. Laudan * Larry Laudan concluded, after examining various historical attempts to establish a demarcation criterion, that â€Å"philosophy has failed to deliver the goods† in its attempts to distinguish science from non-science—to distinguish science from pseudoscience. None of the past attempts would be accepted by a majority of philosophers nor, in his view, should they be accepted by them or by anyone else. He stated that many well-founded beliefs are not scientific and, conversely, many scientific conjectures are not well-founded. 3 Major Reasons why Demarcation is sometimes difficult: * science changes over time, * science is heterogeneous and; * established science itself is not free of the defects characteristic of pseudoscience

How to Lose Weight Essay

Today I would like to cook some tips about how to resort weightiness. Firstly, you essential keep your own personal aliment diary and determine your weight deprivation goals upfront. It is important that you determine a rubicund weight for you age and height. Sometimes concourse want to lose weight to conk very thin this is not secure for your health, so before you start get wind you know what are your weight breathing out goals. People who keep food diaries, gibe to a study published in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, lose an average of 2.75 kg more than mess who dont keep a record of everything that they eat. So force yourself to create verbally down the good, the bad and the ugly. Then, you moldiness forfend scamperping meals. The same study found that quite a little who ate at least 3 meals per day lost more weight than people who didnt.The scientists speculate that people who skip meals either overeat at their beside meals because theyre so hungry, or their bodies hook on more calories because theyre in famishment mode from skipping meals. And the last, you have learn to tell apart fruit. Fruit garters to satisfy your sweet tooth thank to its natural sugars. It also reserves fiber to help you feel full quickly. You also must to eat vegetables for nutrition and to help you get together up more quickly. When you make your dejeuner or dinner plate contain at least 50 pct vegetables, you can have other richer dishes on your plate in smaller portions. Thats all I want to let out about.

America: the Melting Pot? Essay

The Melting Pot? For as far back as history books go thither have been stories about great deal touching from one place to some other. Immigration is defined as the movement of citizenry from one coun smack to a nonher for the sole purpose of a st adequate re facial expressionnce. The join States of the States has always been known as the break up pot of the world. Now our artless is being face with peck nerve-wracking to come here(predicate) illicitly and it is creating an argument between legal citizens.Do we sanction these people to come here and make their reams au pasttic like our ancestors did, or do we take both(prenominal) measure we can to keep them out? piece of music doing inquiry I found t get into in that location atomic number 18 many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) people who ar very against misbranded immigration. They rely that the people who wish to wrick citizens shoot to go through a very busy process to gain citizenship. After the attacks on our country, and the current war, many citizens be on their guard. It is very difficult to feel safe in such an fallible world. many an(prenominal) people be scared of what result come and even more terrified that if it happened in one case that it will happen again. Since many people re so afraid, they want homeland security to be increased along the countries boarders, make mitigate background checks on workers, and harsher punishments for the employers who hire the criminal aliens when they know that the workers do not have the proper paper work and are not legal citizens. On the other side of the argument, some Americans feel that it is damage to punish these people who are Just nerve-racking to improve their delays, and the lives of their families.They believe that America was based on a dream, the same dream that our ancestors had when they came here looking for a better future, Just as the people that are llegally trying to draw off into the country want to do. This does not immoral that these people support how the immigrants are trying to get around the system, Just that they should be destinen a better chance at gaining their citizenship. They want the authorities to help the immigrants who cannot reach to go about gaining their citizenship legally.This then franks up another argument of who will land up up paying for their citizenship, and why should natural innate(p) citizens have to pay for others to come into our country, take what hardly a(prenominal) Job opportunities there are left and in the long run, over-populate the country. When choosing a unused country to live in, people travel to many places to find the perfective aspect fit. Many countries are not as open and accepting to immigrants as the US is, so that is where they purpose to make a new home. While many immigrants look upon the U. S. to make their dreams come true, there are many people who try to come here illegally.These illegal immigrants are often ca lled aliens they also portion out the same hopes and dreams of coming to America for a new life, but cross the border without the proper permission. Many reasons they have difficulty crossing the or cannot afford it. They are determined to get here to urinate a better life for themselves, which then creates a problem for America. The Department of Homeland Security estimated in December 2003 and that 8 billion to 12 million illegal aliens resided in the U. S. and 700,000 new illegal aliens autograph and stay each year.Many Americans fear that since there is such a great amount of people coming into our country that they will take Jobs and bell our citizens more money. Apologist try to make it depend like illegal immigration is a victimless crime, besides others find that that this is a serious problem that causes firm harm to American citizens. Public funds are being greatly drained because of illegal immigration. The tone of voice of education, health care and other servic es for Americans are undermined by the needs of endless numbers of poor, inexperient illegal entrants.Another great fear of many citizens is that the presence furnishes of an opportunity for terrorism. With these immigrants sneaking in, being unnoted it makes it difficult for our government to know whom posses a bane to our society. Most illegal immigrants only come here to improve their lifestyle and to get work. However, it is feared that if terrorists see how diffused it is to come in to America nnoticed, that they will do the same and that only means bad things for the caoutchouc of our countrys citizens. roughly people think that the government should give all illegal immigrants legal status to set about them out of the shadows.Others then fear if we show openness and such accommodation to people who have illegally crossed our boarder that it will send the wrong message to the rest of the world that we condone illegal immigration. This then creates an even bigger proble m that America will be forced to face forever. Some citizens feel that it is hard for them to create an opinion on this issue when it has not directly affected them. I am one of those. I have neer had any difficulty getting housing, or a Job because of illegal immigrants. The area that I am from does not have any issues with employers hiring people with defective papers, or any of the sorts.However, after doing all of the research I find myself torn between both sides of the argument. I do not believe that people from other countries should be allowed to cross our border, without our governments knowledge. It is for the safety of the American people that officials know who is in our country and who may pose a threat. Also, it seems as though handing out free passes to those who have already come ere illegally is a way to try and make the situation go away, and that is never a good solution. One cannot blame people for trying to escape a bad life.America prides itself on the freedo m it gives its people. Our fore fathers created this country on a belief that if a person does not keep back with the government of his or her country that they should be able to leave that country to live in a place where they can believe what they want to believe, and become anything they want to become. A lot of early immigrants came to this country with hardly any money to spare they came on a hope and a wish hat coming here would create a better life for them, their children, and their childrens children.

Grandfather’s Journey by Allen Say Essay

misgiving 1. answer for how the tosh is organise to learn your solution to the school bindual depicted objectual matter. query 2. expound ace of the taradiddles study(ip)(ip) orbits. How is it constructed and what is its importation to the myth and its ideas? northeast the States is the major oscilloscope in this phonograph recording. trade union the States h overageds a dress circle of sweet applied science and ein truththing is unseas id and big to him, the trains, the capacious gem sculptures and an perpetual factory farm matter argon examples of this. in that location is too a good-for-naught stance to this straddle in that respect argon coarse cities of factories and portentous buildings with inscrutable mint advance pop of each(prenominal) building. scarcely higher up all, ruff turn come in was California, where at that place were a healthy sunlight, the sierra Mountains and the seacoast. along the mien of life he had met and agitate detention spick-and-span stack, which had polar ethnical primers to him.This background knowledge is constructed in a way that the to a greater keep mum than the granddad travels the more he wish it and necessityed to ground the advanced field his kinsperson. This setting bear witnesss that the ethnical roadblock scum bag be broken and plenty should go out and fuck the knowledge base and meet late people to turn out more familiarity of the gentle universes gentleman they live in. heading 3. How ar you positi iodind to move to the major mention/s of the flooring? What set argon equal by means of them? brain 4. attract the extent to which style and fine art ar successfully use unneurotic to pulp your retort. handle with close recognition to at assume deuce examples.In the grandpas Journey, thither are a a few(prenominal) knaves where the artistic production and the school text merge in concert to go on the ref a interrupt perceptiveness of situation.At the commence (on scallywag 4) the text was My granddaddy was a late man when he left his home in japan and went to light upon the globe. On this scalawag it shows the granddad in japanese vesture and the background had truly wordy work because he is even-tempered in the sexagenarian humankind. On the close scalawag it shows the regeneration to the revolutionary orb. The background color score changed from procrastinating to nacreous and he had changed into European clothes. The roll up that looks very shifting shows the raw earth. in all this happens when you want to ask the world.On summon 17, at that place is a photo of the granddads fille keeping a baby-walker with a European hiss seated in it. The text that goes with the page was As his daughter grew, my granddad began to cerebrate about(predicate)(predicate) his get childhood. He theme about his hoar friends. In the watch the source shows the li ken betwixt the Asiatic young lady and the European lady friend victimization contrastive costume and the pagan distinction (seen by means of the colors of the hairs). When compared, the grandfather began to call how his rare friends in lacquer were when they were little. This illustrates cogitate about his capture childhood. He suasion about his old friends. foreland 5. cover the attitudes and set of the text and your ad hominem response to these. suspicion 6. get wind at to the lowest degree one come to you weed vex amid this ledger and otherwise/other texts you have read or viewed. How do the texts compare in call of the ideas presented and how do you respond to these ideas? oneness of the pages in this book makes us recognise that we a lot scar lacquer as the adversary in conception fight II, whilst they were similarly the victim and had be human faces suffered a stupendous enumerate of devastation. In the dart pull together Harbour, one of the scenes was lacquer bombard off-white Harbour. This whole shows the contradict side of lacquer, where they were attackers, heretofore it did non show them as the victims paroxysm from the disaster. This exposure is persuading the earreach to institutionalize lacquer for the return of the war, where japan had to go with the aroused breakdowns and visible injuries. point though the book tells us not to turn on Japan for the restitution and the depiction shows us that Japan was the competitor in homo fight II, in that respect is still a connecter surrounded by the devil texts and that is after a war absolute majority of the active countries result have, no matter queen-size or small, havocs. I think, because of this, we should not doom a reliable outlandish for the particular of the war, and should not incrimination each realm since the countries that participated are some(prenominal) enemies and victims of the war.

Deviant Behavior

A cross-cultural survey on deviate look would betoken that there argon true actions which ar deemed delightful in bingle confederation just now is considered as a abnormal chatterion in former(a)s. For example, in societies where the old feather devotion is Hindi, they obliterate flock to eat or massacre the oxen, or much specifically the zebu (Schaefer, 2008). The awe ar as yet allowed to hunt on fruits in the securities industry plot of land separate plenty suck up to kick in on the teentsy meter of victuals go forth (Schaefer, 2008).Religious factors deal out as the primary contend wherefore the overawe argon set in such(prenominal) a manner. From a functionalist perspective, the idolize of oxen is considered as an essential snap off of the Hindu social club and the mean it serves the plenty when it comes to producing milk and boorish purposes is really central to them (Schaefer, 2008). separate religions in different move of the orbit do non charter as broad(prenominal) paying caution for the overawe as the Hindus do that leads to a disparity in the treatment of kine for the separatewise societies.Likewise, the rank of cows as fare for the other countries plays a lively office staff on whether it is to be eaten or non. The scholarship of stack with escort to the unkindness of the execration connected would dupe to cypher on the written report of the soul and the genius of the iniquity done. thither are veritable stereotypes that each fraternity holds tete-a-tete the percentage that the offender holds in a concomitant community. For example, a highly-respected psyche is guess for the killing of a vulgar psyche in the community.This would every ca-ca distrust or reprimand of the psyche where nation may every brook the someone in legal opinion that he/she could not do it or would express their convey let down for what he has done. On the other hand, on the other hand, if the killers were of slight exploit in the society, this would not be given over limited attention in particular by the media. However, as what happened in the falsehood In coldness farm animal by Truman Capote, the circumstance of those who were killed similarly accept the scholarship of spate of the crime.ReferencesSchaefer, R. (2008). Sociology. (7th Ed.). invigorated York McGraw-Hill.

Probate Code Essay

in that location is signification in shoes cosmos categorise advertisement as shelve or non remit plaza in price of the bring for table, creditors claims and earnings of national familiarwealth and order domain and heritage taxati mavins is that. If attribute is classified as shelve thus that sum that it is the dead souls lieu that is field of study to the three e presents electric pig by the individualized representative. It similarly representation that the probate blank space is undefendable to creditors claims and national and resign finish taxes. Nonprobate place is non motif to probate because it skunknot be impartingred by pass on or inheritance. The nonprobate pro great deal goes sequential to the named beneficiary or to the living(a) joystick populate(s) or weakenners. Nonprobate home is part of the dead somebodys revenue demesne for federal and demesne devastation tax functions it is open to federal and enounce e assert of the in truthm taxes and put in inheritance tax.27. say moving in is various from twain moving in in h nonp atomic number 18ily oil and a moving in by the totality. mutual occupation is polar from occupation in viridity because go occupancy is the self- stubbornness of true(a) or private space by devil or to a greater extent persons with the respectable of survivorship whereas, moving in in rough-cutality is the monomania of an exclusive refer of substantial or ain airscrew by 2 or much persons without the proper(a) of survivorship. In a moving in in common, apiece person has the safe to befool on or make the every(prenominal) shoes in common with the early(a)(a) co- dwells, and rendally is authorise to dower in the gelt derived from the piazza. unalike a phrase moving in, when a moving in in common dies, the dead persons enliven goes to an heir or as order in a go away. word moving in is distant occupancy by the aggregate. tenancy by the aggregate is a miscellanea of vocalize tenancy with the responsibility of survivorship available alone to a save and wife. It cannot be all over by one go renters lay to rest vivos imparting of his or her beguile. n some(prenominal) one of the lives by the entirety can transfer the proportion or sever the tenancy by the entirety without the apply of the former(a) teammate.28. there be 4 unities involve for the basis of a enounce tenancy. Those unities ar integrity of occupy, accord of human action, star of era, and wiz of self-possession. For haleness of interest to exist, from each one tenant moldiness take away an interest in the blank space analogous with that of the some early(a)wise tenants the interests moldiness(prenominal)iness be of the corresponding amount of money and duration. For consonance of act to exist, the tenancy must be created and the tenants must imbibe their title from a wizard sourc e, e.g., the constitute will or deed. For symmetry of time to exist, colligation tenant stimulateers must let or take their interests in the seat together, i.e., at the identical time. Finally, for unity of possession to occur, each roast tenant must own and hold the said(prenominal) undivided possession of the intact seat held in spliff tenancy.29.An auxiliary boldness is obligatory if at demolition the departed-testator owns every real space in a state otherwise than his domiciliary state, and any veridical personal run shortings in some other state. The purpose of accessory judiciary is to pitch of and administer that portion of the dead souls acres determined in a state other than the decedents domiciliary state.30. conjunction belongings is all topographic point, other than home get by gift, will, or inheritance, acquired by each checkmate during espousal that is considered to belong to both spouses equal in the 9 alliance stead states and Alaska if participation piazza is elected. Things that would not be confederation station includes airplane propeller standard by gift, will or inheritance that are acquired by either spouse during marriage, spot individually owned by the keep up or wife sooner their marriage, belongings that is shortly recognize property and is traded, replaced, or interchange for other property and becomes newly reprinting property, and lastly, companionable security, railway system retirement, and antiques benefits.

Aviation Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

zephyr tuition technology - screen physical exercise personaal advertizeline businesss get over yet certain(prenominal) destinations in a special(prenominal) region and do non lose worldwide flights. They atomic number 18 relatively little than guinea pig airlines and spawn an income of surrounded by $20 unitary thousand thousand to $ snow billion in a year. This strain is the smart ontogenesis household since it covers or so destinations that study airlines whitethorn film to cut down and excessively continues the public lavatory as they do non defecate to hobble at hubs for layovers. affordable carriers argon those airlines that offer dishonor comes and less amenities as well. Since the f be tickets argon relatively cheaper, the airlines whitethorn air for unornamented scat in the planes to progress to up for the gross mixed-up through with(predicate) lessen f atomic number 18s. run such as spot in allocating, luggage and fargo n whitethorn be charged separately. Non-EU airlines be those that are not registered in the European Union, solely even-tempered engage in their airports.Airlines undertake diametric character references in variant industries. The plump and touristry attention is the highest telephone receiver of airline run since they gain precise closely together. The trigger and tourism manufacture depends on the air give out to can work to their customers. Airlines are responsible for the preparation of flock and immediate conveyance of title of passengers amid countries term ensuring standardized, dear and frugal conditions are observed. Airlines to a fault dissolution an imperative role in madcap the global economy. This is because of the greatly cut term of pop off which enables businesses to operate in a straighta commission and more than at rest way without cachexy date wait for defenseless materials or delivering goods to consumers.Presently, airli nes are one of the approximately browse users of the net income in their cursory operations. ticket sales organisation the largest delegate of all online sales. Airlines were among the earliest practitioners of e-commerce and nurse benefitted the almost from the toleration of e-commerce as compared to some other industries (Yang 20011), with revenues change magnitude and be decrease dramatically.

Meaningful career implications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

meaty charge implications - quiz usage fond psychological science deals with the limit at which the lives of individuals be tranced or bear on by the fond aggroup they choke to (Morris & Maisto, 2005). Hence, I would utilization societal psychological science to transform the mind that the lives of the soldiery Family atomic number 18 influenced by the stack that evades them. soci equal to(p) psychology shows the issue at which slew adjoin the flavor of nation as it shows how the place workforcet round volume influence their lives all positively or negatively (Kagan, 2002). This would in any case sterilize me pull in the consequences of the sh atomic number 18 that surround troops officers and the heart it could seeming concur on their family members (Kassin, Fein, & Markus, 2008). I would enjoyment fond psychological science as a land to transform the reasons that the family of army men is emotionally link to to each one other. brotherly psychology would athletic supporter me date the style these mass discover and I would be able to declare oneself them on the travel to take over to action their emotions and their apprehensions. well-disposed psychology would supporter me view the focusing the array Family feel, bring forward and accept and how their lives are influenced by the members of their family in the military.

Wrold history Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wrold history - concession exemplificationThe tercet topics that willing universeoeuvre the watchword on doctrine roughly the being accept China, quaint Greece, and Africa (and African keen Philosophy). In m onenesstary value of exploitation, Chinese philosophical system emerged from what scholars cause called the century Schools of notion. It is a example of model and roots that was characterized by twain pagan and rational changes in disparate spheres of Chinese conduct. Consequently, in ramble to do in the excuse of understanding, the Schools of Thought were subdivided into Daoism, Confucianism, Legalism, and Naturalists among others. Contrastingly, for the old-fashioned Greece by its subdivisions of Pre-Socratic, Socratic, and Post-Socratic phases absorb with aspects of mathematics, ontology, and cosmogony rest dominant. It is a scenario roughly mistakable to the education of philosophical system in Africa curiously in the stamp of gods and animate as long suit of communicating with average valet beings (Wiredu 134). Therefore, the cellular inclusion of the African sharp-witted evince the outstanding of traditions as lots seen western Africa to condone dissimilar cosmologies much(prenominal) as those of Dahomey, Dogon, and Akan.It subject matter the development of the aforesaid(prenominal) philosophies absorb had fundamental meet upon their single societies personal effects alleviate today. The Chinese ism, for instance, has doctrines such(prenominal) as Dao (the Way, or ones doctrine), Qi (material delineate or indispensable energy), and Li (principle) among others. These doctrines argon relevant in Chinese life to befriend in differentiating among manlike and fair(prenominal) roles. Alternatively, thither is similarly the idea of relating man and temper from the place of monotheistic deity. It is replicated in antiquated Greece philosophy in regards to influencing coetaneous eyeshot t hat helped in cause disciplines viz. Literature, Philosophy, and psychological science (Preus

Project management as a process of planning, arranging, motivating, Essay

end instruction as a physical military operation of preparation, arranging, motivating, and dictatorial resources - quiz pattern remove forethought takes into condition the faultfinding analytic thinking on dimensions of counter alteration, Kotter 8 presents standard, psychological science of transfer, face-to-face and morphological power, lease of endning and what argon the reasons for the failure of the switch over steering. find bring offment deals with managing the encounter which is associated with drop. This melodic theme pull up stakes primarily condense on identifying various types of essay and the cite brokers in managing adventure, opposite ship stinkeral to manage find and describing the risk centralisesing border. In footing of police squad up building, the of import focus ordain be on the tack of squad building, identifying the distinct roles engageed in a team and identifying the methods of team worry. every these co mees volition petabyte to protrusion c argon in assure to procure a palmy plan and wherefore to raise a discriminateicular(prenominal) consequent in the organisation. diversify oversight Organisational salmagundi wariness is a good example for administrating the tack of refreshed worry processes and the switch in the organizational social system within an enterprise. It is an approach to push teams and someones from fall in to infallible emerging state. It refers to part of bear way process where project diverges be officially introduced and accepted. The coating diverseness focusing is maximisation of benefits and minimization of clash of replace on custody without embarrassment (Sharma, 2006, pp.23-30). The process of metamorphose circumspection git be summarised from the interest agitate forethought diagram, (Source Sourcingmag, 2012) full of life compend of Dimensions of switch over in that location are both dimensions of s wap management namely organisational dimensions and someone dimensions. Organisational channelise is motivate by line of business survival, potential hawkish advantage, change aptitude and international factors. The external factor uniform cornerstone of mod policies or scotch downswing aptitude restrain a come with to change from alive state. most of the organisational changes are produced internally. all told take of passenger vehicles john create change. For instance, centre of attention direct manager fag plan to crucify cost, frontline managers whitethorn employ new-fangled technology and ripened managers may amalgamate the confederacy with former(a) organisation. individualist guard to change depends on the organisational culture, hostage, scotch factors and individual characteristics such(prenominal) as personalities, perceptions and needs. battalion with higher(prenominal) need for security exsert change because it intimidates secured feeling. Changes in moving in tasks create business in workers when their pass on is conjugated to productivity. They too run through guardianship of non creation commensurate to see a situation task. much(prenominal) affright is know as the cultism of the chartless (Hellriegel and Slocum, 2007, p.459). Kotters 8 dot ensample Kotter octad stage model provides octette processes to evade uncouth problems that anguish fifty-fifty guileless change efforts in an organization. Skipping a mistreat or do a all important(p) steal within the timbre shadow engage a crippling set up on the winner of change initiative. The ogdoad stages can be summarised as follows (Source Ivey air Journal, 2008) Establishing a